Exam 1

Tetravalent

Trivalent

Divalent

Monovalent

Formal Charge

FC=valence electrons - dots - bonds

Covalent electronegativity difference

<0.5

Polar Covalent electronegativity difference

0.5<1.7

Ionic electronegativity difference

>1.7

What are the quantum numbers

(n,l,ml,ms)

What do quantum numbers show

Exactly where an electron is

n quantum number meaning

Principal Number- which energy level the electron is in (1,2,3,4…)

l quantum number meaning

Angular momentum: Shape of orbital 0=s 1=p 2=d 3=f

ml quantum number meaning

Magnetism: Which specific orbital the electron is in. -l to +l

ms quantum number meaning

Spin: +1/2 or -1/2

Linear domains

sp hybrids

Trigonal planar domains

sp 2

Tetrahedral domains

sp 3 hybrids

Steric number (electron domains)

Steric number = #lone pairs + #sigma bonds

Or

#of sides there are electrons

Electron Domain Geometry for 2 domains

Electron domain geometry for 3 domains

. Electron domain geometry for 4 domains

Electron domain geometry for 5 domains

Molecular geometry for 2 domains

Molecular geometry for 3 domains

Molecular geometry for 4 domains

Bond length trends

Higher bond order — > shorter bond

Larger atoms -→ longer bonds

More s-character (hybridization) -→ shorter bond to that atom

Bond angle trends

More s-character → larger bond angle ( sp3 =109.5, sp2= 120, sp=180 )

Lone pairs compress bond angles