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what is the Munich pact
-pact that permitted Nazi Germany to annex a region in Czechoslovakia which was home to a significant ethnic German population
-Britain and France conceded Czechoslovakia to please Hitler
-The soviets were not invited which upset Stalin
what was the Munich pact attempting to do
it was an attempt to avoid war by conceding to Hitler’s demands
Invasion of Poland
-This directly violated the terms of the Munich pact
-caused France and UK to declare war
-Churchhill replaces Neville Chamberlain - thought Chamberlain was not a good leader for a war
-marked the beginning of WWII
Dunkirk
-The Nazis invaded Germany which resulted in Britain and allied forces to surrender to German troops
-With the German army closing in, the British government evacuated their troops that were trapped on the beaches - evacuated with ships
Battle of Britain
-Germany’s attempt to soften the blow for an invasion
-Germany wanted to get air superiority over Britain as a precursor to potential invasion
-The radar allowed for early detection of incoming German aircraft - significant advantage over Germany
-first major defeat of Germany
Operation Barbarossa
(Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet union)
-Hitler wanted more territory
-Soviets were caught by surprise (the purge depleted officers)
-Due to vast distances and poor infrastructure, the Soviet union strained Germany supplies and the cold winter hindered German advances
-resulted in German halt, soviets to push back, leading to prolonged battle
-solidifies soiets with France and Britain
Siege of Leningrad
German army aimed to capture the city as a part of operation Barbarossa
Citizens of Leningrad faced extreme hardship during the siege - food and supplies were cutoff, leading to starvation and freezing conditions during the winter, minimal rations lead to people eating whatever they could find
-lifting the siege was a significant boost for the Soviet union
Battle of Stalingrad
attempt by the Germans to cut off Soviet supply routes and access to oil fields
despite Hitler’s demands, the exhausted and under supplied German trooped surrendered
allowed for Soviet forces to continue advancing westward
Italian Campaign
allies invade the peninsula of Italy
Italian people revolt against Mussolini
German forces invade Italy to fight allies
North Africa Campaigns
D-Day
Allies successfully invade Normandy, setting up the conclusion of the European theater
Goal was to establish a foothold in Europe and liberate western Europe from Nazi occupation
battle fought of 5 beaches
lead to eventual defeat of Nazi Germany
July 20th Plot
Colonel Von Stauffenberg leads and attempts to end the war early
the military involved in killing Hitler and blamed the SS
subsequent investigations linked Rommel to the plot
assassination attempt on Hitler by German Military officers
placed the briefcase containing a bomb under the table but it was moved so Hitler was shielded when it blew up
those that tried to kill Hitler were arrested and executed
Battle of the Bulge
Germans launch final counteroffensive through bastogne
tried to split the allied forces which only resulted in a “bulge”
reinforcements arrive and drive the Germans back
(one last try for Germany”
Fall of Berlin
Soviet forces bombard the capital, some Nazi leaders flee
Hitler Commits suicide
end of Nazi Germany
Annexation of Korea
after decades of influence, Japan annexes Korea
Japan exerts control through newspaper censorship, economic influence, and historical revision
over time, Koreans would be forced into labor, including “comfort women”
Manchukuo
Japan invades Manchuria
Japan sets up a puppet government of Manchukuo, installing the last emperor of the Qin dynasty as the figure head
Rape of Nanking
chinese soldiers retreated from Shanhai to defend the national capital
the treatment of soldiers and civilians in this city was ruthless
40,000 people died over 6 weeks
Pearl Harbor
Japan’s army pushed for a war with the US, Naval commanders were pessimistic
When war appeared inevitable, Yamamoto suggested a surprise attack on pearl harbor
population and industrial advantages appeared too great for a long war so yamamoto hoped the japanese could force a peace treaty
Midway
american code breakers intercept a Japanese plan to attack the island of Midway
significant for sinking four Japanese aircraft carriers, turning the tide in favor of the US
Battle concludes 6 months exactly after pearl harbor
Guadalcanal
first of island hopping campaign battles
took a long time to take, back and forth battle - Navy couldn’t cut off Japanese supply lines
can’t bring tanks or traditional war materials
Iwo jima
Island hopping to get further into japan
difficulty drawn out battle due to geography of mountain
Okinawa
allied losses
challenging and drawn out battles
cultural differences - Japanese culture did not want to become prisoners of war so they committed suicide
Incendiary Bombing
japanese used hot air balloons to carry bombs into US hoping to start a forest fire
US censors this to limit public panic
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
the atomic bombings in Japan that ended the war
belief that it was for political gain and not to end the war
Nuremberg Race Laws
The first change of the holocaust
defined citizenship by blood (Jewish people were no longer German citizens)
Banned marriages between germans and Jewish citizens
Kristallnacht
Night of broken glass
Hitler says jewish people are trying to overthrow the government due to the assassination of the German ambassador by a 17 year old Jewish teen
Caused children to be expelled from school, jewish store owners had to seel their businesses, Jewish citizens had to pay find in order to fix the damage that they got blamed for, destruction of store fronts and synagogues
caused jewish people to flee
Ghettos
Jewish citizens are forced to move into concentrated areas of cities western Poland and walled off from the rest of society
caused health problems due to close proximity in such a small area
caused friction
ghettos required resources to keep them running
