Unit 6 Complete

learning

learning

the acquisition of new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

habituation

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

associative learning

learning by associating two things

stimulus

any event/situation that evokes a reponse

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information through observing events, watching others, or language

classical conditioning

a type of learning by association/associating two things/events/stimuli+result

Ivan Pavlov

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that only studies behavior more than mental processes

John B Watson

define neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

acquisition(CC)

neutral stimulus starts triggering a conditioned response

acquisition(OC)

the strengthening of a reinforced response

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the CS of one experiment is paried with a new NS creating a second, often weaker CS

the new CS predicts the old CS

extinction

the loss/diminishing of a conditioned behavior

spontaneous recovery

after some time, the conditioned response reappears

generalization

in classical conditioning, the CR may occur when stimuli similar to the CS occur

discrimination

after some time, the learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli

operant conditioning

learning by consequences

law of effect

principle that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to occur

Edward Thorndike

operant chamber(Skinner’s box)

operant conditioning research tool where rat was trapped in a box and urged to push the lever to get food(which was the reward)

reinforcement

something that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows

shaping

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer appointments of the desired behavior

Class clap experiment with Niyati

discriminative stimulus

a stimulus that causes a response after associating with reinforcement

positive reinforcement

STRENGTHEN a behavior by adding a reward in the equation

negative reinforcement

STRENGTHEN a behavior by removing something you don’t like from the equation

primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus, SATISFIES IMPORTANT NEEDS like biological ones

conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired behavior every time it happens

partial(intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing desired behavior only sometimes

slower learning, greater resistance to extinction

fixed-ratio schedule

getting a reinforcer/reward after a certain amount of times you have done that desired behavior

variable-ratio schedule

getting a reinforcer/reward at a random amount of times that you have done that desired behavior

fixed-interval schedule

getting a reinforcer/reward after a specific amount of time has passed

variable-interval schedule

getting a reinforcer/reward at unpredictable time intervals

punishment

any event that DECREASES the behavior it follows

biofeedback

a system for ELECTRONICALLY recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding subtle physiological state

blood pressure

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an AUTOMATIC response to some stimulus

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

*OPERANT CONDITIONING

cognitive map

mental layout of one’s environment

Edward Tolman: rats in a maze experiment

latent learning

learning that is there but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so

insight

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

intrinsic motivation

motivation from inside, for your own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior because of external causes: reward or escaping punishment

coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

problem-focused coping

if it is something we have control over, we can fix the problem and reduce stress

emotion-focused coping

if it is something beyond our control, we can ignore and and attend to our emotion needs(reaching out for help)

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human leans when unable to avoid repeated bad events

external locus of control

believe that everything that happens is because of external control like fate or destiny

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

self-control

delaying short-term gratification for long-term gratification

observational learning/social learning

learning through observations

Albert Bandura: Bobo doll experiment

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or wathcing others do that action

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior