APUSH period 4 review

1800-1848

what is the “revolution of 1800”? what is the meaning of “we are all federalists… we are all republicans”?

jefferson (Dem. Republican party) beats john adams (federalist party), peaceful transfer of power; thomas jefferson acknowledges that he is to be a president of all parties and political stances

what happened in the supreme court case Marbury v. Madison? what did this say about the role of the supreme court?

established judicial review - supreme court can rule act of congress/president as unconstitutional

what happened in the supreme court case McCulloch v. Maryland? what did this say about the role of the federal government compared to the states?

congress could establish a federal bank, that could not be taxes by the states; enforced national over state authority

what happened in the supreme court case Gibbons v. Ogden? what did this say about the role of the federal government compared to the states?

Ogden tried to have monopoly over steamboat travel on the Hudson River given by NY, Supreme Court said no - the federal government could overrule the state government in this case; federal government strengthened

what was the Louisiana Purchase? why did Jefferson question purchase of this land?

the purchase of land from france for $15 million; constitution did not delegate the power to purchase land to president; jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution, so this made his hesitate

what was the lewis and clark expedition?

lewis and clark explored the territory gained from the louisiana purchase

what happened with the barbary pirates?

jefferson refused to pay tribute to pirates to use Mediterranean sea, sent in navy to stop them

what is important of the invention of the cotton gin by eli whitney?

allowed for the growth of slavery because it made the cotton business extremely profitable. more slave albor was needed to grow cotton

what was the missouri compromise by henry clay? why was it made?

allowed missouri to enter as slave state while simultaneously admitting Maine as a free state; kept balance of power in congress between slave and free states; set up line - anything above line is free, below is slave

what were the causes of the war of 1812?

war hawks, GB refuses to leave posts in west, Gb giving weapons to native americans, GB taking americans ships and impressing american sailors

why did the federalist party oppose the war of 1812? what was the hartford convention?

they thought it was unnecessary and felt it would disrupt trade that the economy depended on

the hartford convention was a meeting between federalist delegates who wanted to nullify the war; it was seen as traitorous and marked the end of the federalist party

what was the treaty of ghent?

officially ended the war of 1812 in 1815; it kept the original american boundaries before the war (happened before battle of new orleans)

what were the effects of the war of 1812?

america is finally recognized as a legitimate independent nation by GB, federalist party died out, the US enters an era of nationalism

what was the era of good feelings?

the period following the war of 1812, when the politics were united through one party, the democratic-republicans

what is the tariff of 1816

first protective tariff designed to promote and support the american businesses

what is henry clay’s american system?

2nd national bank

the tariff of 1816

transportation improvements

what was the adams-onic treaty?

the US got Florida from Spain

what did the monroe doctrine say?

• the US could not longer interfere with existing european colonies in latin america

• the US will not tolerate europeans trying to take over countries in latin america - “safety issues” to the americans

  • US would stay out of european affairs

what was the transportation revolution? what were its effects?

national road, the Erie canal, the steamboat, and railroads

the transportation revolution caused the market revolution and led to growth of cities

what was the market revolution? how did it affect growth of the middle class?

move from shops in home to producing goods to sell on the market, create interdependent economy; opened new economic opportunities for americans, allowing the middle class to expand

what was the industrial revolution?

change from agrarian to machine dominated economy

power loom

an electric loom that increased efficiency in the industrial revolution

mechanical reaper

machine that harvested more crops

steel plow

designed to cut through hard packed soil and increased efficiency of harvesting wheat

where did most immigrants come from during the period 1800-1840? why did they come to america?

ireland and germany;

irish - because of religious tensions, hunger (potato famine), and poverty

german - economic opportunity

what is nativism? what is the know-nothing party?

know-nothing party - political party based on nativism

nativism - hate towards immigrants and people not from one’s home country

nativists blamed immigrants for crime, poor living conditions, and just generally thought of them as inferior

what is the cult of domesticity and separate spheres?

the idea that women belonged in the home with the children

that woman’s place was in the home and not in the workplace, while the man’s place was out of the house working

what is universal white male suffrage?

the movement for all adult white men to vote regardless of it they owned property

Andrew jackson says that he will represent the “common man”

what happened in the election of 1824? what is the “corrupt bargain”

jackson won the popular vote, but not enough electoral college votes. henry clay gave up his vote to JQ adams, giving adams the presidency. jackson called it corrupt bargain.

who were the whigs? what were their beliefs?

the whigs are everyone who hates jackson, northerners, industry, the banks, big government, tariff; opposed to indian removal; believe in reform

who were the democrats? what were their beliefs?

were jackson followers from the south and west. they are farmers and the poorer people of society. they like state governments and they hate indians, tariffs, and the national bank because they thought the national bank was for the elite poeple of soceity. they believe in expansion and slavery

what was the bank war? why did andrew jackson hate the abnk? how did he “kill” it? what were the effects of the bank war in the economy?

jackson likes state banks and hates national bank (thinks it for elite); he kills bank by taking out national money and giving it to state banks;

panic of 1837 - 6 year depression - send banks into panic

what was the nullification crisis? what was the tariff of abominations?

souths say they are going to nullify the tariff of abominations as a state; the south carolina exposition and protest stated that they would reenforce the nullification law so they couldnt have to pay for a tariff that did not benefit the south; jackson threatens to send troops; ends up with compromise tariff

why did south hate the tariffs and the north like them?

tariff benefits north because it supports businesses

south hates tariff because they arent a majority business industry (they were a farming industry)

who are the cherokee? how did they attempt to assimilate to america?

the cherokee are a native american tribe settled in america who learned english and had own newspaper

what was the indian removal act? what happened in the supreme court case of Worcester v. GA? what was the trail of tears?

jackson supoprted relocation of native americans to oklahoma territory so the white men may take their land; supreme court under john marshall said that cherokees should not have to move, and that the federal government should protect them. jackson ignores this decision; cherokee tribe was forced to migrate to oklahoma where many of them died on the way

what was the hudson river school?

a group of american artists who focused on landscape paintings

what was romanticism in american literature?

the focus on emotions and creativity rather than logic and reason

what is transcendentalism? who are emerson and thoreau?

a philisophical movement that placed emphasis on nature, spirituality, and living simple life styles

what were the causes of the 2nd great awakening?

reaction to the economic changes in the north and a loss of priority on religion

who is charles finney? who were circuit rides? camp meetings?

charles finney was the minster who started the 2nd great awakening

circuit riders - itinerant preachers who traveled from place to place ministering to the spiritual needs of the people

camp meetings - members of several denominations gathered in camps for up to a week to hear revivalists proclaim the second coming of Jesus

what were the beliefs supported in the 2nd great awakening?

economic forces uncontrollable, but people still in control of their own relationship with god; equality of all believers

what role did women play in the 2nd great awakening? what role did african americans play in the 2nd great awakening?

women were empowered by the ideas of the people being equal before God and used their roles to push reform movements such as temperance, abolition, and education; it influence the start of black christianity that helped enslaved people to survive and express a spiritual freedom; the free african americans in the north used to establish their own churches such as african methodist episcopal (AME) churches

what were the effects of the 2nd great awakening?

it set the stage for reform movements around abolition, temperance, access to education, marriage equality, voting rights, and prison reform. it increased the role of women in society and influenced religious revival

what are the utopian communities?

‘perfect’ communities where everyone lives in harmony and economic and social equality

brook farm?

new harmony?

the oneida community?

• transcendentalist

• property shared

• practiced polygamy

who were the mormons?

led by joseph smith in NY; they moved to utah under brigham young after persecution and john smith’s death; members believe they belong to restored church created by Jesus

what is the temperance movement? what people/groups supported this? why did people support this movement? what were the effects of the movement?

fought against the consumption of alcohol; alcohol led to domestic violence and poverty; many women are active in the movement because they are the ones facing their intoxicated husbands. the civil war temporarily halted its progress

who was dorthea dix? what were her contributions in reforming society?

a nurse who was appalled by the conditions of the treatment of the mentally ill in jail. she began to advocate for reform and wanted better treatment for the mentally ill in institutions. her advocacy changed the way people viewed the mentally ill. her efforts as an activist showed the most success as she set up asylums for the mentally ill.

who was horace mann? how did he reform education?

led the education reform movment; he established state-sponsored education, also known as public schools, and a state-wide curriculum to ensure sufficient education for all students

what was the seneca falls convention and the declaration of rights and sentiments? which women were involved?

an assembly held in NY to begin the women’s suffrage movement; the declaration of sentiments was issued stating that all men and women are equal, and in turn, are entitled to the same rights as given in the declaration of independence. the two main women were elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mott

what was life like for african americans in the north?

lived in a state of semi-freedom in the north; though they were emancipated, people did not accept them into society. there was still severe segregation and most blacks were treated as nonhuman

who was william lloyd garrison?

an american abolitionist and journalist; he founded the new england anti-slavery society, had newspaper the Liberator

who was frederick douglass?

an escaped slave who became an activist, author, and public speaker to campaign for emancipation

who was soujourner truth?

an african american who was born into slavery but then she escaped, and she supported abolition

who was david walker?

a free african american who supported abolition through his pamphlet which denounced slavery and encouraged people to fight for freedom.

who was harriet tubman?

was born into slavery, then escaped and she helped other slaves escape from slavery as well as through the underground railroad

what was life like for enslaved people in the south?

most enslaved worked on farms or plantations in the south. they were treated very poorly and worked from dawn to dusk. some of their harsh treatments included being whipped and they could be sold

what was life like for free african americans in the south?

the majority were skilled craftsmen, but they lived in fear or the white southerners kidnapping and selling them. they lived under black codes like not owning firearms, holding office, serving in the military, owning a business, and more

describe african american culture in the south

strong religious ties bc they felt connected to exodus. storytelling and music/slave songs were a prominent aspect. there was a continuation of slave resistance and revolts and enslaved labor; kinship networks

describe nat turner’s rebellion. what were the effects of his rebellion?

an organized slave revolt in VA led by an enslaved worker named Nat Turner, a spritual man who believed that God had chosen him from a mission. he followed his vision with his followers by killing his master and heading to other plantations to do the same.

the VA milita ended the rebellion; as a result, VA planters were panicked and unleashed terror on their enslaved workers by beating them and even killing them. the rebellion also led to stricter slave codes, such as illegality of teaching slaves to read and the restriction on slave movements

how did white southerners defend slavery?

called it a “necessary evil” and looked to the bible, constitution, and history to justify slavery. by mid 1830s, southerners launched stronger defense against slavery stating slavery was the best system on earth, slaves were happier than “wage slaves” of the north

describe the white social hierarchy in the south

wealthy plantation owners, small slaveholders/farmers, yeomen farmers, enslaved

why did non-slaveholders still support slavery?

non-slaveholders supported slavery of racial superiority they were not on the bottom of the social class

what was the cotton belt? what does “king cotton” mean?

souther states that stretch from SC to GA including alabama, mississippi, and louisiana. these states had the highest concentration of enslaved and produced the most cotton. also called the black belt;

king cotton is an expression used by southern leaders and authors to claim the economic dominance of the south and the north’s dependence on the southern cotton industry

describe the internal slave trade

the trading of enslaved conducted within the US