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Geography

The study of the Earth's surface, processes, relationships between people and environments, and connections between places.

Spatial Perspective

Emphasizes relationships among spatial objects, places, and patterns.

Types of Maps:

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Shows geographic features and political boundaries.

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Emphasizes a specific theme like population density.

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Connects points of equal value like temperature.

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Internalized representation of a place.

Physical Geography

Studies Earth's natural features and processes.

Map Projections

Methods to represent Earth's surface on a flat map.

Cartography

Science and art of mapmaking.

Scale & Scale of Analysis

Relationship between map and actual distances, level of detail in studying phenomena.

Parts of a Map:

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Latitude, longitude lines, equator, meridians.

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Cardinal and intermediate directions.

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Major lines like equator, Prime Meridian.

Basic Map Skills:

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Latitude and longitude for pinpointing locations.

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Ratio of map distances to actual distances.

Location

Where something is situated.

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Precise location using coordinates.

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Position in relation to other places.

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Valued for its importance.

Site v

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Physical characteristics of a place.

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Location relative to surroundings.

Place

Location with unique physical and human characteristics.

Urban v

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High population density and infrastructure.

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Low population density, agricultural areas.

Toponym

The name of a place.

World Regions

Geographic areas with common characteristics.

Geographic Data Collection:

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Official population count.

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Data collection tools.

Spatial Analysis

Examination of patterns in spatial data.

Sustainability:

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Environmental, economic, social aspects.

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Sustainable Development Goals.

Demographics

Statistical data on population.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum sustainable population size.

Population Growth Rate

Percentage change in population.

Fertility Rate

Average children per woman.

Replacement Rate

Fertility rate for population replacement.

Population Pyramid:

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High birth rates.

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Low birth rates.

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Stable growth.

Age Structure

Distribution across age groups.

Dependency Ratio

Dependents to working-age ratio.

Mortality

Rate of death in a population.

Sex Ratio

Males to females ratio.

One Child Rule

China's policy limiting children.

Distribution:

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People or objects in an area.

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Extent of feature spread.

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Arrangement of features.

Immigration & Emigration:

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Movement into a new region.

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Movement out of a region.

Push & Pull Factors:

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Encourage leaving.

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Attract to new places.

Country of Origin

Person or group's originating country.

Refugees, IDPs, and Asylum Seekers:

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Flee due to persecution.

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Forced to flee within borders.

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Seek protection in another country.

Brain Drain

Emigration of skilled individuals.

Guest Workers

Temporary migrant workers.

Remittance

Money sent to home countries.

Population Policies:

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Encourage birth rates.

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Reduce birth rates.

Types of Migration:

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Within a country.

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Between countries.

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By choice.

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Due to coercion.

Culture

Shared beliefs, values, customs.

Elements of Culture

Language, religion, customs.

Cultural Landscape

Human activity imprint on landscape.

Material v

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Tangible aspects.

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Intangible aspects.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in own culture's superiority.

Diffusion

Spread of cultural traits.

Globalization

Increased interconnectedness.

Time-Space Compression

Shrinking time-space.

Cultural Convergence

Cultures becoming similar.

Distance Decay

Decline with distance.

Major World Religions:

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Monotheism v