1940 Statement on Academic Freedom and Tenure, READING 1 Oreskes , Reading 5: Critique of Low-Quality Research in Academia, Reading 6: The Future of Scientific Communication and Computational Essays, Reading 2: Merton's Normative Structure of Science…

Academic Freedom

Right to pursue truth without institutional interference.

Tenure

Job security protecting academic freedom and rights.

Extramural Speech

Professors' public statements must reflect professionalism.

Due Process

Rights to fair procedures in employment decisions.

Probationary Period

Maximum of seven years before tenure decision.

AAUP

American Association of University Professors organization.

Freedom in Research

Scholars have autonomy in research and publishing.

Limitations on Freedom

Religious institutions may impose specific academic restrictions.

Just Cause

Requirement for dismissal outside financial crises.

Written Contracts

Employment conditions must be clearly outlined in contracts.

Controversial Topics

Academic freedom covers relevant controversial subject matter.

Keyishian v. Board of Regents

Supreme Court case affirming academic freedom protections.

Faculty Rights

Entitlements of faculty members in academic settings.

Common Good

Universities serve societal interests over individual agendas.

Professional Responsibility

Balancing faculty rights with ethical obligations.

Freedom in Classroom

Instructors can teach freely, avoiding irrelevant controversies.

Economic Security

Tenure provides financial stability for professors.

Institutional Censorship

Professors should be free from institutional speech restrictions.

Misinformation

False or misleading information affecting public understanding.

Public Skepticism

Doubt about scientific claims among the general public.

Vaccine Misinformation

False claims linking vaccines to autism spread by public figures.

Young Earth Creationism

Belief rejecting evolution, favoring a young Earth timeline.

Climate Change Denial

Rejection of scientific consensus on climate change.

Scientific Consensus

Collective agreement among experts on scientific claims.

Provisional Knowledge

Knowledge that is subject to change with new evidence.

Scientific Honor Societies

Organizations identifying trustworthy scientists historically.

Comte's Positivism

Focus on scientific method over individual scientists' authority.

Verificationism

Scientific claims must be empirically testable to be valid.

A.J. Ayer's Verification Principle

Meaningful statements must be observable and testable.

Falsification Theory

Science aims to disprove theories, not just verify them.

Ludwik Fleck's Thought Collectives

Scientific knowledge shaped by communities of researchers.

Pierre Duhem's Underdetermination Theory

No experiment can fully confirm or disprove a theory.

Rigorous Methods

Systematic approaches ensuring reliability in scientific research.

Self-Correction

Science's ability to revise claims based on new evidence.

Collective Scrutiny

Evaluation of scientific claims by the scientific community.

Historical Perspectives

Understanding science's authority through its historical evolution.

Scientific Authority

Trust in science based on credibility and methods.

Trust in Consensus

Reliance on collective expert agreement over individual opinions.

Low-Quality Research

Research that is redundant, trivial, or low-impact.

Publication Growth Rate

Peer-reviewed journals grow at 3.26% annually.

Citation Rate

Only 40.6% of articles cited from 2002-2006.

Overpublishing

Excessive publication leading to resource strain.

Peer Review Burden

Senior researchers overwhelmed with review requests.

Publish or Perish

Pressure on researchers to publish frequently.

Financial Strain

Rising costs of journal subscriptions impact libraries.

Environmental Costs

Excessive research printing wastes paper and energy.

Academic Integrity Erosion

Careerism replaces genuine scientific curiosity.

Citation Manipulation

Strategic publishing to boost citation counts.

Hiring & Promotion Limits

Top 3-5 papers should be submitted for evaluation.

Effective Citation Metrics

Impact factors should evaluate researchers' work.

Journal Formatting Changes

Limit articles to 5-6 pages for efficiency.

Cultural Change Call

Shift focus from quantity to quality in research.

High-Impact Research

Research that significantly contributes to knowledge advancement.

Resource Waste

Uncited research wastes time and academic resources.

Developing Country Journals

Growing number of journals strains university libraries.

Comprehensive Studies

Encouragement of well-developed research over small papers.

Knowledge Advancement

True purpose of research is to advance knowledge.

Review Quality Reduction

Ph.D. students may lower peer review standards.

Journal Subscription Costs

UCLA's library costs rose 1,300% from 1978 to 2001.

Traditional Scientific Papers

Static documents relying on text and figures.

Computational Tools

Technologies enabling interactive research documentation.

Interactive Notebooks

Platforms like Jupyter for live code and data.

Computational Essays

Documents allowing interactive engagement with data.

Reproducibility

Ability to verify results through shared data and code.

Dynamic Data

Data that evolves and changes over time.

Stephen Wolfram

Creator of Mathematica advocating for computational essays.

Open Science

Movement promoting accessible and reproducible research formats.

Peer-Review Process

Traditional method for validating scientific research.

Citation Systems

Frameworks for referencing scientific papers.

Intellectual Property Concerns

Fears regarding ownership of shared research data.

Research Transparency

Openness in sharing methods and data.

Knowledge Sharing

Dissemination of information across disciplines.

Publishing Industry Challenges

Resistance to adopting new scientific communication formats.

Interactive Papers

Journals supporting formats beyond traditional static papers.

GitHub

Platform facilitating code sharing among researchers.

arXiv

Repository for sharing preprints and research papers.

Accelerated Understanding

Enhanced comprehension through interactive engagement.

Dynamic Models

Models that can be manipulated and tested interactively.

Research Collaboration

Cooperative efforts in scientific inquiry and publication.

Science and Society

Science relies on societal structures for support.

Anti-Intellectual Movements

Critiques that force scientists to justify their work.

Integration with Society

Science's survival depends on social and cultural integration.

Ethos of Science

Set of ethical norms governing scientific activity.

Universalism

Scientific claims evaluated by objective criteria, not personal traits.

Ethnocentrism

Rejection of discrimination in scientific evaluation.

Communism in Science

Scientific knowledge is collectively owned by the community.

Priority Recognition

Competition among scientists for acknowledgment of discoveries.

Disinterestedness

Expectation of bias-free research from scientists.

Peer Review

Rigorous evaluation process ensuring scientific credibility.

Organized Skepticism

Encouragement of critical questioning in scientific inquiry.

Conflict with Other Institutions

Skepticism can clash with religion and politics.

Totalitarian Societies

Suppress skepticism to maintain power structures.

Self-Correcting Enterprise

Science's ability to revise and improve knowledge.

External Pressures

Politics and culture challenge scientific ideals.

Moral Imperatives

Ethical norms are seen as essential, not optional.

Collective Enterprise

Science advances through shared knowledge, not individual ownership.

Recognition and Esteem

Scientists gain status through contributions to knowledge.

Historical Conflicts

Past events sometimes undermine scientific universalism.

Institutional Norms

Guidelines that shape the scientific ethos.

Scientific Activity

Conduct governed by established ethical norms.