Plant Reproduction and Responses Flashcards

Flashcards for Chapter 30 & 31 about Plant Reproduction, Domestication and Responses

Angiosperms

The most important group of plants in terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture.

Sporophyte

The dominant generation in angiosperms; the large plant that we see.

Flowers

The reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; they attach to a part of the stem called the receptacle.

Carpels

Reproductive organs of a flower that have a long style with a stigma on which pollen may land.

Stamens

Reproductive organs of a flower that consist of a filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen.

Sepals

Sterile floral organs.

Petals

Sterile floral organs of a flower that are brightly colored to attract pollinators.

Pistil

A single carpel or group of fused carpels.

Complete Flowers

Flowers that contain all four floral organs.

Incomplete Flowers

Flowers that lack one or more floral organs, for example, stamens or carpels.

Inflorescences

Clusters of flowers.

Floral Identity Genes

Genes that regulate floral organization.

Megasporangium

Forms within the ovule and is surrounded by two integuments with an opening called the micropyle.

Micropyle

An opening in the integuments of the ovule.

Megaspores

Four cells produced by meiosis within the megasporangium, only one of which survives.

Embryo sac

Multicellular female gametophyte that develops from a megaspore.

Microspores

Haploid cells produced within the microsporangia (pollen sacs) of anthers via meiosis.

Generative Cell

One of the two cells produced by a microspore undergoing mitosis; plays a role in fertilization.

Tube Cell

One of the two cells produced by a microspore undergoing mitosis; produces pollen tube

Pollen Grain

Consists of the two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall.

Sporopollenin

A durable polymer that is a component of the pollen grain's outercoat.

Pollination

Occurs when a pollen grain is transferred to a receptive stigma.

Double Fertilization

Ensures that endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs.

Endosperm

Food-storing tissue in angiosperm seeds, formed during double fertilization.

Coevolution

The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other.

Radicle

Embryonic root.

Scutellum

A special cotyledon found in grasses.

Coleoptile

A sheath enclosing the young shoot of a grass seed.

Coleorhiza

A sheath enclosing the young root of a grass seed.

Imbibition

The uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed.

Hypocotyl

Brings seed up and out of the dirt.

Fruit

The mature ovary of a flower.

Inflorescence

A group of flowers.

Apomixis

The asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell.

Vegetative Reproduction

Asexual reproduction.

Self-Incompatibility

A plant’s ability to reject its own pollen.

Totipotent Cells

Cells that are able to asexually generate a clone of the original organism through cell division.

Vegetative Propagation

When vegetative reproduction is induced by humans.

Callus

A mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots.

Scion

In grafting, provides the stem system.

Stock

In grafting, provides the root system.

Transgenic Organisms

Genetically modified to express a gene from another species.

Biofuels

Derived from living biomass.

Plant Hormones

Chemical signals that modify or control one or more specific physiological processes within a plant.

Auxin

A chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptiles.

Cytokinins

Stimulate cytokinesis (cell division).

Gibberellins

Hormones that have a variety of effects, such as stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination.

What is the function of Gibberellins?

Promotes stem elongation, germination, and flowering.

How does Auxin affect plant growth?

Stimulates cell elongation, apical dominance, and root development.

What is the main role of Cytokinins?

Promotes cell division and differentiation, and delays senescence.

What are the primary effects of