SHPEP A&P - skeletal system (lecture 4)

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

Costal means what?

pertaining to the ribs

Articular means what?

Connection, where things meet

The axial skeleton contains

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage (long axis).

Appendicular system

the part of the skeleton made up of the bones of the arms, legs, scapula, clavicle, and pelvis.

What do the bones support?

body and soft organs (cradles them)

What do the bones protect?

Vital organs

What do the muscles move?

Muscles move bones

What do bones store?

Minerals like calcium and phosphorus (& growth factors), as well as triglycerides (fat storage)!

What do bone cells form?

Blood cells in bone marrow

Long bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide

Examples of long bones

Femur, metacarpals

Short bones

Cube shaped bones, sesamoid bones

Short bones examples

Wrist and ankle, patella

Flat bones

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Flat bones examples

Sternum, skull

Irregular bones include

The vertebrae and hips

How many bones are in the human body?

206

Compact bone tissue

(Outer layer, dense & solid). The strongest form of bone tissue that makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of a long bone.

Spongy bone

(Inner later, marrow). Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Explain why bones are very hard, light weight, and can resist tension and forces.

Bones are very hard because they are made of calcium salts, they are lightweight due because they have a dense outer layer (compact bone) and a spongy inner layer (spongy bone). Finally, they resist tension & forces becaus of collagen fibers.

Osteogenesis (ossification)

bone formation

When does osteogenesis begin?

8 weeks gestation (period of time between conception and birth, during which a developing embryo or fetus grows inside the mother's uterus).

Epiphyseal plates

Growth plates, regions where long bones lengthen

appositional growth

increase in bone THICKNESS

When do bones model and repair?

This is a LIFELONG process.

When do bones stop growing in length?

mid teens to early 20's

What stimulates longitudinal bone growth?

Growth hormones

Thyroid hormone

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

What happens when the epiphyseal plate closes?

It is replaced by bone, and the epiphyseal line appears (growth stops!)

Vitamin D stimulates the body to do what?

Absorb calcium

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells (BLASTS = B = Build)

Osteocytes

mature bone cells that don't divide

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells (CLASTS sounds like CRASH aka crush/destroy)

What is bone resorption?

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts (bones getting breakdown). Q

How are bone fractures classified?

Position of bone after fracture, completeness of break, orientation to long axis of bone, if the bone penetrates the skin

In the skull, what types of bones are there?

Cranial and facial

Cranial bone form what?

the top, sides, and back of the skull

Facial bones form what?

framework of the face

What are the cranial bones?

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, ear ossicles

What are the ear ossicles?

malleus, incus, stapes, aka the smallest bones of the body

Mandible

Forms the lower jaw bone

Maxillae

the two fused bones forming the upper jaw

zygomatic

Form the prominence of the cheeks

Nasal bones

Fuse together to form the bridge of the nose

Palatine

Fork the anterior portion of the palate

Vomer

A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

The spinal column

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of seven bones, forming the neck, SMALLEST & LIGHTEST

C1

atlas

C2

axis

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of RIBS to form the outward curve of the spine (join the 12 pairs of ribs)

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine (STURDY, WEIGHT BEARING)

Sacrum

bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column

Coccyx

a small, triangular bone at the base of the spinal column (TAILBONE = lowk irrelevant now)

Sternum

Breastplate, forms the front middle portion of the rib cage, joins w/ the clavicles and most ribs

Xyphoid process

Cartilage tip in youth, ossified by age 40

How many pairs of ribs are there? How are they attached?

12, all of which are attached POSTERIORLY to thoracic vertebrae.

True ribs

First 7 pairs of ribs

What are the true ribs attached to? How?

They are attached to the sternum via costal cartilage

False ribs

Pairs 8-10

What are the false ribs attached to?

They attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair 7

Floating ribs

Ribs 11-12

What are the floating ribs attached to?

nothing! they DONT attach anteriorly to any structure

Arthritis

General term meaning joint inflammation

osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight-bearing bones

Rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons).

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Overuse of wrist, the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed

Ewing's Family of Tumor (EFT)

A group of tumors that affect different tissue types, primarily bone

Gout

A type of arthritis, deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

Kyphosis

Abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback)

Lordosis

Exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)

Osteoporosis

A condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time

Osteosarcoma

A type of bone CANCER that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue

Scoliosis

An abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine