BI301 Exam 1 Review - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated directly from the BI301 Exam 1 review notes covering anatomy, physiology, body systems, homeostasis, directional terminology, chemistry principles, and biological macromolecules.

Anatomy

The study of body structures, including what they are made of, where they are located, and their associated structures.

Physiology

The study of the functions of anatomical structures, including individual and cooperative functions.

Cytology

The study of cells and their structures.

Histology

The study of tissues and their structures.

Atom

The smallest chemical unit.

Molecule

A group of atoms working together.

Organelle

A structure inside a cell.

Cell

Atoms, molecules, and organelles working together.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together.

Organ

A group of different tissues working together.

Organ system

A group of organs working together.

Organism

All organ systems working together; a human is an organism.

Movement

A characteristic of living things defined as a change in position or motion.

Responsiveness

A characteristic of living things defined as a reaction to a change.

Growth

A characteristic of living things defined as an increase in body size.

Reproduction

A characteristic of living things defined as the production of new organisms and new cells.

Respiration

Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from food.

Digestion

The breakdown of food into simpler substances.

Absorption

The passage of substances through membranes into body fluids.

Circulation

The movement of substances in body fluids.

Assimilation

Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms.

Excretion

The removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.

Homeostasis

The state in which all body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment within a normal range.

Receptor

The component of a homeostatic mechanism that receives the stimulus and detects changes.

Control center

The component of a homeostatic mechanism that processes information and sends instructions.

Effector

The component of a homeostatic mechanism that carries out instructions and produces a response.

Negative feedback

A homeostatic mechanism that counters or opposes the original change, returning the body toward its normal condition.

Positive feedback

A mechanism in which the effector's response increases or amplifies the original stimulus, temporarily moving the body away from homeostasis.

Anatomical position

The standard reference position with the body standing upright, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and face and feet facing forward.

Supine

Body position describing an individual lying face up.

Prone

Body position describing an individual lying face down.

Directional terms

Positional descriptors used to specify the relative locations of anatomical structures.

Superior / Cranial

Directional term meaning above or toward the head.

Inferior / Caudal

Directional term meaning below or toward the feet.

Anterior / Ventral

Directional term meaning toward the front or belly side of the body.

Posterior / Dorsal

Directional term meaning toward the back of the body.

Medial

Directional term meaning closer to the midline of the body.

Lateral

Directional term meaning farther away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the trunk or origin of a structure.

Distal

Directional term meaning farther from the trunk or origin of a structure.

Superficial

Directional term meaning near the surface of the body.

Deep

Directional term meaning away from the body surface or located internally.

Body planes

Three-dimensional imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body to define sections.

Sagittal plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

Frontal plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; also known as the coronal plane.

Transverse plane

A plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Mediastinum

A compartment located between the two lungs containing the trachea, esophagus, and large blood vessels.

Parietal layer

The outer serous membrane layer that lines the cavity wall.

Visceral layer

The inner serous membrane layer that covers the organ surface.

Abdominopelvic regions

Nine anatomical subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity used for descriptive and clinical purposes.

Synthesis reaction

A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance, represented by $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition reaction

A chemical reaction in which bonds break to produce simpler substances, represented by $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Exchange reaction

A chemical reaction where chemical bonds break and new bonds form, exchanging parts between molecules, represented by $AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$.

Reversible reaction

A chemical reaction in which products can react to regenerate the starting reactants, represented by $A + B \rightleftharpoons AB$.

Reactants

The starting materials in a chemical reaction.

Products

The substances formed at the end of a chemical reaction.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Element

A pure substance composed of chemically identical atoms.

Bulk elements

Chemical elements required by the human body in large amounts.

Trace elements

Chemical elements required by the human body in small amounts.

Ultratrace elements

Chemical elements required by the human body in very minute amounts.

Atomic number

The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass number

The total number of protons plus neutrons in an atom, defined as $\text{Mass number} = \text{protons} + \text{neutrons}$.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with identical atomic numbers and proton counts, but different numbers of neutrons and atomic weights.

Ionic bond

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share pairs of electrons.

Hydrogen bond

A weak attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen region of one polar molecule and the slightly negative region of another polar molecule.

pH

A logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Buffer

A chemical substance that resists changes in pH, helping to maintain stable H+ concentration.

Electrolyte

A substance that dissociates and releases ions when dissolved in water.

Acid

An electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions (\text{H}^+) in water, represented by $\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + \text{Cl}^-$.

Base

A substance that releases ions capable of binding with hydrogen ions in water, represented by $\text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Na}^+ + \text{OH}^-$.

Salt

An electrolyte formed by the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, such as $\text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{NaCl}$.

Solute

The substance dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The liquid medium that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

Monosaccharide

The single sugar building block or monomer of carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide units bonded together, such as sucrose and lactose.

Polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate macromolecule built from many monosaccharide units, such as starch and glycogen.

Saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid chain in which all carbon atoms are joined exclusively by single covalent bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid chain that contains one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.