Sensation

Light

Energy -> waves
-wavelengths - distance of peaks

Color

-longest to shortest
-ROYGBIV (red longest / violet short)

cornea

protects the outer layer of the eye

pupil

hole in the eye that absorbs light

iris

makes the pupil dilate and shrink

lens

contract / expand
focus on one thing

fovea

cones

retina

(film of camera) vision cells and the light/photo receptors; project from the brain
-eye concentration : "you are my phobia, everyone else is in my retina." (inner layer) (opposite of cornea)

optic nerve

retina to brain

Blind Spot

cannot see anything (Brain knows/ fills in side of sight); no retina

visual acuity

sharpness of vision (people with glasses don't have good acuity)

Photo receptors

receive the light information
-transductions - The conversion of the extersion stimuli into neural impulses
-rods
-cones

rods

outlines and shapes

cones

color - vision; color blindness

Trichromatic Theory(Young-Helmholtz)

3 types of cones pick up blue, red, and green

opponent process theory

2 sets of opposing colors: blue and yellow; red and green

air molecules

what you hear

Sound

air molecules

Pitch

higher/low frequency

loudness

higher wave

outer ear

part you can see -- Pinna

auditory canal

funnel sound wave

hammer

malleus - a small bone in the middle ear which transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus.

anvil

incus - a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

stirrup

stapes - a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

what does the hammer, anvil, and stirrup have in common?

all vibrate and are bones in the ear

oval window

movement of fluid within the cochlea and activation of receptors for hearing.

semicircular canals

the fluid in the ear; upright; dizzy -> fluid still moving

cochlea

sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction

transduction

ear converts sound waves into electric impulses and sends them to the brain so we can interpret them as sound.

place theory

reading location of the cilia; low, medium, high

frequency theory

all cilia vibrating at same time but with different speed per pitch

deafness

conductive and sensorineural

conductive

hearing aides

sensorineural

problem with nerves in the ear

olfactory

has to do with smell

chemical-odorants

taste / smell

adaptable

-adapt to environment through evolutionary perspective.
-get used to it (filter smell out) (nose blind)

taste

sent can change taste of food

temperature

smell stronger -> molecules move fast

nose hairs

receptors can be regenerated

memory

connect directly to limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus) and thalamus

pheromones

smell chemicals released
-covid in brain
-"dogs and bees smell fear"

gustation

has to do with taste

5 different tastes

sweet, sour, bitter, saltiness, umami

umami

mushrooms and meat

super tasters

more flavor sensitive
-bitter foods/sour
-coffee
-grapefruit
-chili peppers

vestibular

balance

kinesthetic

body position/where limbs are/locate

body senses

vestibular and kinesthetic

perception

organizing and making sense of sensory information

Perceptual processing

top-down processing (concept driven)
-perceptual set
-priming

top-down processing

the way you perceive

perceptual set

mental filing cabinet for sense

priming

perceive differently based on current state of mind

bottom up (data driven)

take data and place together
-monocular depth cues

thresholds

amount/limit (something that needs to be passed)
-absolute threshold
-difference threshold (JND)

absolute threshold

minimal amount of stimuli needed to detect something
-signal detectiond

signal detection

mental/emotional state can effect threshold
-"creepy sound in house"

difference threshold (JND)

how much stimuli is needed to detect the difference between stimuli
-Weber's Law
-"how much turning up the temperature to notice"

parallel processing

take in multiple types of sensory information at the same time

selective attention

brain will filter out information that is not important (clothes on skin)

cocktail party effect

listen to other conversation (hear your name)

sensory adaption

getting used to sensory stimuli and brain filtering out unchanging senses

change blindness

inability to notice change in things.

closure

tendency to fill gaps between lines.

figure ground perception

the ability to differentiate an object from its background

proximity

grouping close objects together

simulartity

grouping similar looking items

continuity

continued lines grouped

orientation

contentedness

depth perception

ability to tell how far/close something is

visual cliff

test babies depth perception to cross over

relative size

monocular cues; close:big - far:small

relative height

monocular cues; high:far - low:close

interposition

monocular cues; things that are behind are therefore further away

relative clarity

monocular cues; clear:closer - foggy:far

texture gradient

monocular cues; smooth:far - rough:close

linear perspective

monocular cues; converge together to meet at one point

motion paralax

monocular cues; back:slow - close:fast

binocular cues

pencil test - two pencils show
retinal disparity - each retina overlays and creates depth (3-D movie)
convergence - closer your eyes are, it will aim sharply

Stroboscopic movement

one object layer over multiple shots

phi phenomenon

perception of motion in lights

size constancy

the same size but different positions

ponzo allusion

judges an object's size based on its background.

muller-lyer illusion

makes lines of the same length appear to be different.

shape constancy

the image is different but imagine it the same

brightness and color constancy

if the color is under a shadow, we think of it still the same color

violethumans experience the shortest visible electromagnetic waves as what?

humans experience the shortest visible electromagnetic waves as what?

transduction

what is the conversion of stimulus energies into neural impulses called

subliminal

perceived by or affecting someone's mind without their being aware of it.

gate - control

pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself.

signal detection

method of differentiating a person's ability to discriminate the presence and absence of a stimulus

feature detectors

individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli.

context effects

cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus.

gestalt

"the whole exceeds the sum of it's parts"

color constancy

a red rose looks equally as red when wearing sunglasses vs when not, why is that?