Studied by 11 people
Wellbeing
Living well through access to all things needed to live long happy + healthy lives
Absolute poverty
A severe deprivation of basic human needs, the inability to meet a minimum standard of living.
Relative poverty
Lacking ability to participate in society- 50% less than the average household.
Low economically developed country
A country with high poverty rates, limited access to education and healthcare, and a reliance on agriculture or resource extraction industries. E.g. Afghanistan, Sudan, Cambodia
High economically developed country
A country that has a high standard of living, advanced technological infrastructure, and a diversified economy. E.g. US, Canada, UK
Newly industrialising country
A country that has recently shifted from an agricultural-based economy to a manufacturing-based one, with rapid economic growth and increasing urbanisation. E.g. China, India, Brazil.
Indicators
Tools used to measure wellbeing
Quantitative indicators
Use numerical data to assess and evaluate a particular phenomenon, such as poverty, health, education, or economic growth. E.g. GDP, poverty rate, literacy rate, and infant mortality rate.
Qualitative indicators
Qualitative indicators are non-numerical measures not easily calculated e.g Happiness Indexes
Composite indicators
Mathematical combinations of a set of indicators
GDP
Total monetary value of goods/services produced in countries. High GDP = USA, Japan, South Korea
Infant Mortality
Number of deaths in first year of life per 1000 births
Determiners of infant mortality
Sanitation, healthcare, education, maternal welfare, food security, access to contraception
HDI
Life expectancy at birth
Expected years of schooling
Mean years of schooling
GNI per capita
Top 3 HDI countries
Switzerland, Norway, Iceland
Happy Planet Index
Life satisfaction x Life expectancy x Inequality / Ecological footprint
Top 3 HPI
Costa Rice, Vanuatu, Colombia
Factors that determine life expectancy
These include access to medical care, welfare system, strong civil society and access to employment, housing, safe water, a clean environment, and education.
Fertility rates
Average number of children per woman of childbearing age. Global fertility rate = 2.3, just above the 2.1 replacement rate
Factors that determine fertility rates
Marriage, age women have first child, educational opportunities, contraception, healthcare, culture of many children, need for many children to provide
India location
South Asian in Northern Hemisphere
Cut by Tropic of Cancer
Bordered by China, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan
India surrounded by Bay of Bengal
India population
1.419 billion
India population distribution
Population pyramid is tapering off from a beehive.
360 million under 15
Transitioning from a low economically developed country to a medium economically developed country
Reasons why less women than men in India
Domestic violence and femicide
Families prioritising the health of sons over daughters
Women dying in childbirth
Why India population is expected to grow
Women don’t have access to contraception and can’t make decisions on their own fertility
Women do not work, this creates a a necessity for a larger family to provide for each other.
Culture of large families in India, and this value isn’t waning like it is in other nations.
India HDI
132rd- medium development country
Inequality in India
456 million live on less than $1.25 a day
50% of children suffer from malnutrition
6% have access to clean running water
Caste system
Hierarchical system that categorises people and communities into levels, determining their entire life.
Unable to mix, marry and work with other castes
Highest level= Brahmins
Lowest level= Dalits
Dalits clean and deal with dead bodies and are unable to lift themselves out of poverty
System now against the law
Number of Dalits
160 million
Ratio of men to women in India
918 girls to 1000 boys
Role of women in India
Their value only coming from birthing sons- common blessing is “may you be the mother of a hundred sons”
Only 29% in a formalised workforce.
Not valuable, a financial burden on the family, and are just a curse.
Attitude of men towards women in India
Dehumanise women- with a strong rape culture
See women as objects to play with
92% of women experience sexual violence in public places
Infanticide in India
Killing infants- predominantly female- now illegal
Can’t afford to take care of daughters, huge financial burden
Dowry deaths
Acid attacks and burning to disfigure and disable women if they don’t pay an additional dowry
Dowry death frequency
9000 reported a year- just 10% of what is occuring
Those most at risk of Dowry death
Young married women in poor rural as 40% are married before 18 years of age and 63% are illiterate
Live with husband can often feel isolated and voiceless.
Menstruation in India
Religion sees periods as impure and polluting everything a woman touches
80% of women using unhygienic menstrual sanitation
Have to stay home from school or work during periods
Urban
An area that is densely populated and developed- cities and towns
Rural
Countryside- agricultural and low economically developed
Major change in urbanisation in 2010
50% of world’s population living in u
Pull factors for migration
Healthcare
Money
Education
Food
Peace
Push factors for migration
Unemployment
Low wages
Crop failure
Poor living conditions
Few facilities
Natural disasters
War
Urbanisation in Australia
Urban population in Australia increased from 65% in 1973 to 86% in 2020
Where is urban growth occurring
90% of urbanisation occurring in developing world
Urbanisation
The population shift from rural to urban areas
Positive consequences of urbanisation
Better educational opportunities
Better economic growth
Better health services
Negative consequences of urbanisation
Slums
Poor waste disposal and sanitation
Unemployment and urban crime
Poor environmental quality
Traffic congestion
Note
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