Geography Revision- Short Answer

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Wellbeing

Living well through access to all things needed to live long happy + healthy lives

Absolute poverty

A severe deprivation of basic human needs, the inability to meet a minimum standard of living.

Relative poverty

Lacking ability to participate in society- 50% less than the average household.

Low economically developed country

A country with high poverty rates, limited access to education and healthcare, and a reliance on agriculture or resource extraction industries. E.g. Afghanistan, Sudan, Cambodia

High economically developed country

A country that has a high standard of living, advanced technological infrastructure, and a diversified economy. E.g. US, Canada, UK

Newly industrialising country

A country that has recently shifted from an agricultural-based economy to a manufacturing-based one, with rapid economic growth and increasing urbanisation. E.g. China, India, Brazil.

Indicators

Tools used to measure wellbeing

Quantitative indicators

Use numerical data to assess and evaluate a particular phenomenon, such as poverty, health, education, or economic growth. E.g. GDP, poverty rate, literacy rate, and infant mortality rate.

Qualitative indicators

Qualitative indicators are non-numerical measures not easily calculated e.g Happiness Indexes

Composite indicators

Mathematical combinations of a set of indicators

GDP

Total monetary value of goods/services produced in countries. High GDP = USA, Japan, South Korea

Infant Mortality

Number of deaths in first year of life per 1000 births

Determiners of infant mortality

Sanitation, healthcare, education, maternal welfare, food security, access to contraception

HDI

• Life expectancy at birth
• Expected years of schooling
• Mean years of schooling
• GNI per capita

Top 3 HDI countries

Switzerland, Norway, Iceland

Happy Planet Index

Life satisfaction x Life expectancy x Inequality / Ecological footprint

Top 3 HPI

Costa Rice, Vanuatu, Colombia

Factors that determine life expectancy

These include access to medical care, welfare system, strong civil society and access to employment, housing, safe water, a clean environment, and education.

Fertility rates

Average number of children per woman of childbearing age. Global fertility rate = 2.3, just above the 2.1 replacement rate

Factors that determine fertility rates

Marriage, age women have first child, educational opportunities, contraception, healthcare, culture of many children, need for many children to provide

India location

• South Asian in Northern Hemisphere
• Cut by Tropic of Cancer
• Bordered by China, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan
• India surrounded by Bay of Bengal

India population

1.419 billion

India population distribution

• Population pyramid is tapering off from a beehive.

• 360 million under 15

• Transitioning from a low economically developed country to a medium economically developed country

Reasons why less women than men in India

• Domestic violence and femicide
• Families prioritising the health of sons over daughters
• Women dying in childbirth

Why India population is expected to grow

• Women don’t have access to contraception and can’t make decisions on their own fertility
• Women do not work, this creates a a necessity for a larger family to provide for each other.
• Culture of large families in India, and this value isn’t waning like it is in other nations.

India HDI

132rd- medium development country

Inequality in India

• 456 million live on less than $1.25 a day
• 50% of children suffer from malnutrition
• 6% have access to clean running water

Caste system

• Hierarchical system that categorises people and communities into levels, determining their entire life.
• Unable to mix, marry and work with other castes
• Highest level= Brahmins
• Lowest level= Dalits
• Dalits clean and deal with dead bodies and are unable to lift themselves out of poverty
• System now against the law

Number of Dalits

160 million

Ratio of men to women in India

918 girls to 1000 boys

Role of women in India

• Their value only coming from birthing sons- common blessing is “may you be the mother of a hundred sons”
• Only 29% in a formalised workforce.
• Not valuable, a financial burden on the family, and are just a curse.

Attitude of men towards women in India

• Dehumanise women- with a strong rape culture
• See women as objects to play with
• 92% of women experience sexual violence in public places

Infanticide in India

• Killing infants- predominantly female- now illegal
• Can’t afford to take care of daughters, huge financial burden

Dowry deaths

Acid attacks and burning to disfigure and disable women if they don’t pay an additional dowry

Dowry death frequency

9000 reported a year- just 10% of what is occuring

Those most at risk of Dowry death

• Young married women in poor rural as 40% are married before 18 years of age and 63% are illiterate
• Live with husband can often feel isolated and voiceless.

Menstruation in India

• Religion sees periods as impure and polluting everything a woman touches
• 80% of women using unhygienic menstrual sanitation
• Have to stay home from school or work during periods

Urban

An area that is densely populated and developed- cities and towns

Rural

Countryside- agricultural and low economically developed

Major change in urbanisation in 2010

50% of world’s population living in u

Pull factors for migration

• Healthcare
• Money
• Education
• Food
• Peace

Push factors for migration

• Unemployment
• Low wages
• Crop failure
• Poor living conditions
• Few facilities
• Natural disasters
• War

Urbanisation in Australia

Urban population in Australia increased from 65% in 1973 to 86% in 2020

Where is urban growth occurring

90% of urbanisation occurring in developing world

Urbanisation

The population shift from rural to urban areas

Positive consequences of urbanisation

• Better educational opportunities
• Better economic growth
• Better health services

Negative consequences of urbanisation

• Slums
• Poor waste disposal and sanitation
• Unemployment and urban crime
• Poor environmental quality
• Traffic congestion