Final Review

What is the Arab Spring?

* a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s
* it began in response to corruption and lack economic growth

Where did the Arab Spring begin?

Tunisia

Purpose of Arab Spring

to end authoritarian rule and corruption, while trying to gain democracy and economic opportunity

What are examples of some countries that experienced the Arab Spring?

* Tunisia


* Morocco
* Syria
* Libya
* Egypt
* Bahrain

What was the outcomes of the Arab Spring?

* Corrupt governments were overthrown
* Corrupt leaders were prosecuted

Main reason for conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia

* religious differences
* Iran: Shia Muslim
* Saudi Arabia: Sunni Muslim
* Both want power over the Middle East

What type of government does Iran have currently?

Theocracy

What is theocracy?

a type of government where religion is combined with the laws/government/police

What is secular?

a type of government where religion is NOT included in the laws/government/police

What type of government does Saudi Arabia have currently?

Theocracy

When and why was Saudi Arabia’s claim as the leader of the Muslim world challenged by Iran?

* 1979
* they create ‘a kind of revolutionary theocracy’
* they had a goal of exporting this model beyond its own borders

How did the US removal of Saddam Hussein contribute to the rivalry and the Arab Spring?

* Saddam Hussein was a major Iranian adversary (one's opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute)
* this removed a crucial military counter-weight to Iran
* opened the way for a Shia-dominated government and society in Baghdad
* Iranian influence in Baghdad has been increasing

What countries is Saudi Arabia trying to fight off Iranian influences?

* Syria
* Bahrain
* Yemen
* Lebanon

What 2 countries are ‘backing’ Saudi Arabia’s side in attempts to contain Iran?

* USA
* Israel

What 2 countries did not believe that the 2015 nuclear arms agreement did enough to limit Iran’s nuclear weapons program?

* Israel
* Saudi Arabia

What was the 2015 nuclear arms agreement?

Iran has to reduce their stockpile of uranium (an important part of making the bomb)

What countries are currently experiencing a divide over their alliances with Iran and Saudi Arabia?

* Syria
* Lebanon
* Yemen

Iranian Allies

* Iraq
* Russia

Saudi Arabia Allies

* Egypt
* UAE
* Bahrain
* Jordan

Iran supplies weapons to what kind of nations?

aggressor nations

What countries are most threatened by Iran’s nuclear weapons program?

* Israel
* Saudi Arabia
* UAE
* Egypt

because they all supported Saudi Arabia in the ongoing conflict

Iran’s continued nuclear escalation is a threat to what?

international peace and security

How can a direct conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia draw US forces in?

* it is a regional equivalent of the Cold War
* the US and Soviet Union has been in a tense military standoff for a long time

What is reincarnation?

* cycle of birth
* also known as Samsara
* reflected by your position in the caste system
* good > bad = re-born into a high caste
* bad > good = re-born into a lower casts

Karma

* an action, word, or deed
* the accumulation of good and bad actions that decide the fate of your soul
* spiritual progress is reflected by you good and bad deeds

Dharma

a moral law governing individual conduct

Moksha

* the final caste system
* reaching spiritual perfection
* when your soul joins with your universal soul
* unending joy

Origins of Hinduism

* Hindus mostly live in India and Nepal
* 3rd largest religion in the world
* 15% of the world's population
* 1% of the American population
* polytheistic
* originated in the Indus River Valley about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago
* divided into castes
* 3 main Gods
* Brahma (creator)
* Vishnu (preserver)
* Shiva (destroyer)

Early British East India Company Involvement in India

* biggest company in India
* Set up trading posts in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta
* governed India with little interference from GB
* owned army led by British Officers
* Staffed with Sepoys (Indian soldiers)
* was in charge all the way up until 1858
* then the Raj turned into the new government

Sepoy Rebellion

* rumors spread that the cartrides for the new Enfeild Rifles are greased with pork and beef (against religion to eat these animals)
* Sepoys refused to accept the cartridges
* Sepoys jaqiled and shackled
* Sepoys march to Delhi to meet the Indian soldiers
* captured Delhi
* Raj comes into the picture as they maintain control of the Sepoys

Indian National Congress

* INC
* first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa
* Indian political party
* founded in 1885
* they helped towards Indian's’ rights and independence

Amritsar Massacre

* 10,000 Indians flock Amritsar to protest peacefully
* intended to fast, pray, and listen to political speeches
* British soldiers fire at the contained crowd
* there are women, men, the elderly, children, babies
* GB report: 400 Indians killed
* Indian Report: over 1,000 Indians killed
* the millions of Indian loyal subjects turn to nationalists overnight
* they want to fight for their people
* realize what GB is doing is wrong

Mohandas Gandhi

* teachings blend all religions
* became known as ‘Mahatma’ which means 'great soul’
* thought of civil disobedience
* going on strikes
* peaceful protests
* boycotts
* made protests and movements
* Homespun Movement
* The Salt March
* killed by a Hindu Extremist

Caste System

* society is divided into castes
* Brahmins are at the top
* Dalits are at the bottom
* they are outcasts
* you are born into a caste
* can’t move castes during your lifetime
* move castes spiritually through karma when you pass away
* Dharma: the duties of a caste
* all castes have individual duties
* restricts employment
* caste members live close to one another
* marriage outside of castes is rare

India Pre-Independence

* government loosens
* Government Of India Act
* local self-government
* had many pros and cons
* DURING WWII: Gandhi continues to demand independence while GB demands India’s devotion to war
* Quit India Campaign
* Indians want independence - civil disobedience campaign started by Gandhi
* the raj starts to unravel
* religious divide
* violence
* Calcutta Riots
* ‘Direct Action’ for Muslim Homelands
* Muslims vs. Hindus

Narendra Modi

* pledged to lead an honest government that creates jobs and opportunities for everyone
* India current prime minister
* bureaucratic career
* failure to stop battle riots between Hindus and Muslims
* US denied him a visa

Gujarat Riots

* 3 days in 2002
* left more than 1,000 people dead
* mostly Muslims
* began after 60 Hindu pilgrims died in a train fire blamed on Muslims
* violence was among India's worst outbreaks of unrest

Modern Issues in India

* Modi is in power
* unfair to the people
* leads a sort of dictatorship
* a lot of pollution
* their education system is not that good
* poor infrastructure
* overpopulation
* the Hindu vs. Muslim division
* arbitrary borders between them and Pakistan
* conflict in Pakistan
* different religions
* Kashmir

India was known as what?

the jewel in the crown

Early Independence and foreign policy in India

* During Cold War
* policy of non-alignment
* neutral in the war
* Britain give up colony of India in 1947
* not as profitable anymore
* enormous support for independence is built by Indian Nationalists
* India is split into India and Pakistan in 1947
* partition lines
* drawn by Cryil Radcliffe
* didn’t visit the borders
* used outdated census numbers
* used outdated maps
* simply just took a pencil and drew lines
* mass migration
* 12-14 people move across borders into Pakistan and India
* Hindus and Sikhs moved to India
* Muslims moved to Pakistan
* 1 million people murdered

Partition of India

* 2 countries were formed
* Pakistan (Muslim State)
* India (Hindu State)
* boundaries were decided by an uncultured British lawyer
* he based decisions for partition lines based off of the majority that lived there (Hindu or Muslim)

Kashmir

* there have been 3 wars over the disputed territory of Kashmir


* both India and Pakistan want territory control over the area
* remains one of the most militarized zones in the world
* has been going on since before 1974 (73+ years)
* peace in Kashmir now seems further than it was before (they are making no progress with peace)
* 2 countries are STILL fighting for territory control over the region

General Zia ul-Haq

* the military general who organized the coup d'état on Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
* he led a campaign to introduce Islamic Law and create an Islamic system within the nation
* strategy
* he encouraged the construction of hundreds of religious schools (madrassas)
* the educate young men in Islamic ideas
* to prepare some for anti-communist jihad
* the founding father of Afghan jihad
* became the President of Pakistan
* death
* on a plane that mysteriously crashed

Taliban

* Afghans endured anarchy and violence
* backed by Pakistan
* controlled Kabul (capital of Pakistan)
* imposed extreme vision of Islamic law
* Bin Laden organized terrorist bombings from Afghanistan during the 1990s
* Bush Doctrine goes in effect
* organized by Mullah Omar
* the purpose was: “to cleanse Afghanistan of lawlessness and corruption”

Abdul Qadeer Khan

* leader of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program
* developed Pakistan’s nuclear weapon
* sold bomb-making equipment and gave technical advice to Libya, North Korea, and Iran (aggressor nations)
* known as the world’s most dangerous nuclear trafficker

War in Afghanistan

* Soviet-Afghan War
* Soviets wanted to spread communism in Afghanistan
* The Pakistanis trained the Afghans and they distributed weapons as well
* Mujahideen's victory
* withdrawal Soviet forces
* Mujadideens defeated a ‘super power’

The Slave Trade

* disrupted whole societies
* changed power balance
* arms race
* population decreases
* conduct of war shifts
* destruction of traditional cultures
* famine
* warlords in control
* social impact of slavery
* increased warfare
* rich got richer

The Middle Passage

* the sea journey was undertaken by the slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies
* between the Americas and Africa in the Triangle Trade
* 2 maladies led to both diarrhea and nausea among the captives in the slave ships that went down the middle passage
* dysentery and seasickness
* slave ship captains who went down the Middle Passage earned cash commissions based on the number of enslaved people that landed alive and well

European interest in Africa

* economically
* industrial competition
* raw materials
* politically
* rivalries grew in Europe
* increase in nationalism in European countries
* religiously
* spread of Christianity
* Missionaries

The Struggle of new nations in Africa

* the European nations would come into Africa and control them and rein power over them
* they took resources, skills, and other things from the country
* then they would leave
* left all of the African nations clueless and lost with no leader or party in power
* after this African warlords or other people who want all the power would rise up and try to control the people of Africa
* resulted in lots of fighting
* people would get injured and even pass away
* also resulted in no peace among the people because since the European people came in and ruined the mix of things there was no one in control and no one leading the people to become a better country
* there would be never-ending violence and never-ending strife to contain power because everyone wanted it

Role of the Cold War in Africa

* the Soviet Union and the US wanted Africa to stop each other from possessing it
* African economic and political development was difficult
* independence was often delayed
* the Soviet Union wanted to turn Africa into a communist country
* the US wanted to prevent the Soviet Union from turning Africa into a communist country

Apartheid

* the policy of legal separation/segregation
* immediate effects
* blacks were excluded from political life
* blatant forms of discrimination were imposed in housing, transportation, land ownership, and employment

The Pass Laws

* a form of internal passport system designed to segregate non-whites
* Sharpeville Massacre
* demonstration against Pass Laws

The Bantu Authorities Act

* 1951
* political restriction to residential zones

Economic Sanctions

* 1985: US, Canada, European Union: limited sanctions on South Africa
* putting pressure on the political party (Afrikaaners)
* Sanction means a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule

Nelson Mandela

* Leader of ANC
* Jailed from 1964-1990
* Symbol of freedom and movement
* First Black President
* Won presidential debate against de Klerk

King Leopold II 

* part of the “Scramble Of Africa”
* from Belgium
* began controlling the Congo River Basin (modern day DRC)
* he owned it like it was his home or own personal property
* known as “History’s Deadliest King”
* physically and mentally abused all of his workers
* ruled with fear and power
* named it the “Congo Free State”

Rubber Production

* the process was…
* go into village
* tell all the men in the village that they have a quota of rubber to go and get from the jungle
* until they fill the quota, you hold their wives and family captive
* if they don’t come back with enough rubber, kill the family, and then the men
* set unrealistic quotas for the African workers that were harvesting a major cash crop; rubber

Conflict Minerals

* war over the resources
* Tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold
* DRC and the 9 nations around it sit on the richest part of the planet
* became a hot spot of violence
* people fight over the resources because everybody wants them
* different people want control over them
* very little control around these parts

Hutus

* 85% of the population of Rwanda
* mostly peasanty farmers
* religion: Christian
* they had the ‘inferior’ status
* they were deprived of privileges and opportunities
* when the Belgians left after the Hutus overthrew the Tutsis, the Hutus took their place
* Radical Hutus organized the Rwanda Genocide
* Hutus flee to Zaire (DRC) after the RPF captured Kigali
* Hutu moderate
* those who were interested in power-sharing with Tutsis and opposed the violence against the Tutsi population

Tutsis

* minority group but have long dominated the land
* the Tutsis were mostly aristocratic cattle herders
* established: “the more cattle you had, the more wealth you had”
* religion: Christian
* scapegoats
* they were the simple answer and blamed for all complicated problems
* blamed for killing the Hutu president
* sparked the Rwanda Genocide

International response

* the UN only wanted to get the Europeans out of Rwanda and didn’t care about the Rwandan people
* US did not get involved because of a past conflict with Somalia
* they lost a lot of men and didn’t want to lose anymore

Rwandan Genocide

* begins from radical Hutus
* 1994: about 3 months, 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu moderates are killed
* the radical Hutus want to wipe out the entire Tutsi population because they think that they are the ones who killed the President
* the Hutus have the advantage because they have a bigger population
* radical Hutus went around killing all the Tutsis they can
* with machetes
* violence
* knives
* Ethnic Identity cards
* used to differentiate Hutus from Tutsis

Paul Kagame

* Paul Kagame was hailed for overseeing rapid economic growth in Rwanda
* does not allow anyone speaking against him or going against his ideas
* President of Rwanda
* extended constitutional term limits
* shut down the free press
* clamped down on dissent
* reporters have been driven into exile (even killed)
* opposition figures have been imprisoned or found dead
* reliable friend of the West
* runs a dictatorship
* voices a message of an anti-imperialist message about how Europe is ‘violating people’s rights’
* Kagame often targets the West and criticizes their ‘superiority complex’
* often in his speeches he references to old crimes made by the West that date as far back as the 16th century
* A lot of people accuse him of sparking the genocide and doing little to prevent it, meanwhile, he casted himself as the hero who ended it

Economic Scarcity: Africa

* the DRC's level of economic freedom is one of the lowest in the world
* restraints of freedom
* a lot of armed militias
* fighting and violence among the militias and the government
* corruption of the government
* lack of good government
* weak laws/policies
* overall unstable economy
* economic losses from climate-related water scarcity

Physical Scarcity: Africa

* lack of safe and clean drinking water
* lots of wastewater or dirty water
* water with faeces in it
* not very well educational levels
* tensions over water resources

Access to water & poverty: Africa

* climate-related water scarcity
* hard to collect good water and takes a very long
* takes away people from doing other essential things in life such as school, work, spending time with family and friends, etc.
* can’t get paid if not at work
* children who collect water daily are impacted by fatigue, early dismissal from school, and difficulty focusing on studies while in class
* no clean water to wash hands in
* causes bacteria to build up and can cause sicknesses
* very poor in water resources
* among the five poorest nations in the world
* some people live in extreme poverty and live off of $2 a day
* the physical impacts of carrying the heavy water for the women of Africa is fatigue, musculoskeletal damage, and early degenerative bone and soft tissue damage

Similarities and differences for Hutus and Tutsis

similarities…

* speak the same language
* inhabit the same areas
* follow the same traditions
* same religion

differences…

* Hutus are the majority
* Tutsis are the minority
* Tutsis are often taller and thinner than Hutus

How did Belgium contribute to the Rwanda Genocide and the problems that still exist in Rwanda today?

they made the Hutus inferior to the Tutsis, which made them want to rebel

What did Paul Rusesabagina do to help end the Rwanda Genocide?

* he hid Tutsis in his hotel so that they would be protected by the UN (even though they did very little to help the Tutsis)
* he gave tons of money into helping his Tutsi neighbors, friends, and family live
* he slowed down his business just so that he can ensure the safety of the Tutsis
* he protected the Tutsis to the best of his ability
* he got the UN to take trucks of Tutsis to safety in different countries (for example: Uganda)

The UN’s role in the Rwandan Genocide

* they were meant to KEEP the peace between the Hutus and Tutsis, but they couldn’t MAKE the peace
* they couldn’t fight back against the Hutus
* They basically sat back and watched this all happen and didn’t really do much to stop it

DRC’s Resources

* land is good for harvesting cash crops like coffee, sugar, etc.
* mineral resources - metals used in many items especially technology
* but the mining conditions are extremely dangerous
* women and children are being forced to do this as well
* very easy for companies to claim they didn’t know where the metals they are using come from