Research skills everything mhmdajjan 2025

Cross-sectional study

A type of observational study that analyzes data collected from a population at a specific point in time.

Cohort study

A type of observational study that follows a group of people over time to determine how certain exposures may affect outcomes.

Case-control study

A study design that compares individuals with a specific condition (cases) to those without it (controls).

Meta-analysis

A statistical procedure that combines data from multiple studies to produce a single summary estimate.

Systematic review

A structured review of existing research that aims to minimize biases and provide a comprehensive summary.

Randomized control trial

An experimental study design where participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups.

Qualitative research

A research method aimed at understanding human behavior through non-numerical data such as interviews and observations.

Quantitative research

A research method that focuses on quantifying relationships between variables using statistical methods.

Informed consent

The process of providing study participants with information about a study to ensure their understanding and agreement.

Reliability

The degree of consistency and repeatability of a measurement or research study.

Validity

The extent to which a test or study accurately measures what it intends to measure.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent variable

The outcome or response that is measured in an experiment to determine the effect of the independent variable.

Extraneous variable

An unwanted variable that may affect the outcome of a study and potentially confound the results.

Descriptive research

Research that aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

Observational study

A study where the researcher observes and analyzes subjects without intervening or manipulating variables.

Survey

A method of data collection that involves asking questions to gather information from a population.

Qualitative data

Non-numerical data that provides insight into people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Quantitative data

Numerical data that can be used to quantify variables and analyze relationships statistically.

Sampling

The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to represent the whole.

Case series

A descriptive study that reports on a group of patients with a similar diagnosis or treatment.

Prevalence study

A study that looks at the proportion of a population that has a particular characteristic at a specific time.

Clinical trial

A research study conducted with human participants to assess new medical treatments or interventions.

Double blind study

A study design where neither the participants nor the researchers know who receives the treatment or control.

Ethics in research

The principles guiding the conduct of research, particularly concerning the rights and welfare of participants.

Placebo

A treatment with no active therapeutic effect used for comparison against a treatment group.

Focus group

A qualitative research method where a small group of people discusses a specific topic guided by a facilitator.

Observational cohort study

A type of study that follows a group of individuals, exposed to a certain factor, over time to see outcomes.

Qualitative analysis

The process of examining non-numerical data to identify patterns, themes, and insights.

Causal hypothesis

A hypothesis that proposes a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

Literature review

An assessment of existing research on a particular topic to summarize findings and identify gaps.

Intervention study

A study where something is introduced or changed to see its effects on subjects.

Health outcomes

The results or impacts of healthcare interventions on patient health.

Statistical significance

A determination that a result is unlikely to occur by chance alone, often assessed by hypothesis testing.

Longitudinal study

A study that follows subjects over a long period to observe changes over time.

Cross-sectional analysis

A study design that collects data from a population at a single point in time.

Retrospective study

Research that looks back at data collected in the past to find relationships or trends.

Prospective study

A study that follows participants over time to observe future outcomes.

Research design

The framework or strategy for conducting research to effectively answer research questions.

Outcomes research

Research that evaluates the end results of healthcare practices on patient health and quality of life.

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations.

Random sampling

A sampling method where every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Control group

A group in a study that does not receive the treatment being tested, serving as a benchmark.

Field study

Research conducted in a natural environment rather than in a laboratory.

Blinding

A method used in research to prevent bias by keeping participants or researchers unaware of assigned groups.

Critical appraisal

A systematic evaluation of research studies to assess their quality and relevance.

Scoping review

A preliminary assessment of the scope of literature on a particular topic to identify key concepts.

Theoretical framework

An underlying structure of concepts and variables that guides the research.

Sociological research

Research that explores social behavior and societal structures.

Statistical analysis

A component of quantitative research that involves processing and interpreting numerical data.

Data triangulation

Using multiple data sources or methods to study a single phenomenon to enhance credibility.

Operational definition

A clear and precise definition of how a variable is measured in a study.

Sample size

The number of subjects included in a study, which can affect the power and reliability of results.

Research protocol

A detailed plan for how a research study will be conducted.

Research gap

An area where little or no research has been conducted, representing an opportunity for new studies.

Content validity

The degree to which an assessment instrument measures the intended content.

Construct validity

The extent to which a test or instrument accurately measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.

Inferential statistics

Statistical techniques used to make generalizations or predictions about a population based on sample data.

Non-random sampling

A sampling method where not all individuals have an equal chance of being included.

Subjective data

Data based on personal opinions, interpretations, feelings, and beliefs.

Objective data

Data that can be observed and measured without subjective interpretation.

Narrative research

Research that tells the stories of individuals' experiences in a comprehensive manner.

Quantitative methodology

A research approach that focuses on quantifying relationships and phenomena.

Survey research

A research method that involves gathering data from a predefined group of respondents.

Causal-comparative research

A study that seeks to determine the cause-and-effect relationships without manipulating independent variables.

Systematic review protocol

A detailed plan for conducting a systematic review, including strategies for searching and selecting studies.

Research ethics committee

A group that reviews research proposals to protect the rights and welfare of human participants.

Health disparities

Differences in health outcomes and their determinants between segments of the population.

Research impact

The effect of research outcomes on society, policy, practice, and future research.

Patient-reported outcomes

Endpoints that reflect how patients feel or function in relation to their health condition.

Generalizability

The extent to which research findings from a sample can be applied to the larger population.

Integration of evidence

Combining findings from different studies to inform decisions and practices.

Thematic analysis

Identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns or themes within qualitative data.