Final USH HONORS

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Johnson was impeached by the House in 1868 for violating the Tenure of Office Act. He avoided removal from office by one Senate vote.

Sharecropping

Farming system where landowners provided land and supplies while farmers gave a share of their crops as payment. It often trapped freedmen in debt.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people born or naturalized in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Prohibited denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Election of 1876

Disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. Congress created a commission that awarded Hayes the presidency.

Compromise of 1877

Democrats accepted Hayes as president in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South. This effectively ended Reconstruction.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

The West

Region that attracted settlers due to land opportunities, mining, ranching, and railroads.

Dawes Act

Law that divided Native American tribal lands into individual plots to encourage assimilation.

Homestead Act

Provided settlers with 160 acres of land if they lived on and improved it for five years.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved west after Reconstruction seeking land and freedom from discrimination.

Native Wars: Causes and Effects

Caused by westward expansion and conflicts over land. Resulted in Native Americans being forced onto reservations.

Little Bighorn

1876 battle where Native Americans led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's forces.

Ghost Dance

Native American religious movement that promised the return of traditional life and the disappearance of white settlers.

Effects of Railroads

Connected markets, encouraged settlement, increased trade, and helped destroy Native American buffalo herds.

Assimilation

Process of forcing minority groups to adopt the dominant culture.

Immigration

Large numbers of people came to America seeking jobs and opportunities during the late 1800s.

Angel Island

Immigration station in California that processed many Asian immigrants.

Ellis Island

Major immigration station in New York Harbor that processed millions of European immigrants.

Push Factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their homeland, such as poverty or persecution.

Pull Factors

Attractions that draw immigrants to a new country, such as jobs and freedom.

Old Immigrants

Immigrants mainly from Northern and Western Europe before 1890.

New Immigrants

Immigrants mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe after 1890.

Tenements

Crowded, poorly maintained apartment buildings in urban areas.

Quotas

Government limits on the number of immigrants allowed from certain countries.

Nativism

Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that banned Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.

Gilded Age Politics

Period marked by rapid economic growth, political corruption, and influence of big business.

Second Industrial Revolution

Growth of new industries, technologies, and mass production in the late 1800s.

New Technologies

Innovations like electricity, telephones, and steel production improved business and daily life.

Thomas Edison

Inventor who developed the practical light bulb and many other electrical devices.

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration.

Bessemer Process

Method of producing steel cheaply and efficiently.

Horizontal Integration

Controlling many companies in the same industry.

Vertical Integration

Controlling all stages of production and distribution.

Corporations

Businesses owned by shareholders.

Monopolies

Businesses that control an entire industry with little competition.

Trusts

Agreements where companies combined under one management to reduce competition.

Robber Barons

Business leaders criticized for using unfair practices to gain wealth.

Captains of Industry

Business leaders praised for contributing to economic growth and philanthropy.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and competition.

Communism

System where property and resources are owned collectively.

Socialism

System where government plays a major role in managing the economy.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Government should interfere as little as possible in business.

John D. Rockefeller

Built the Standard Oil monopoly through horizontal integration.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel industry leader who used vertical integration and promoted philanthropy.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad and shipping magnate who expanded transportation networks.

Political Machines

Organizations that controlled local politics by exchanging favors for votes.

Tammany Hall

Powerful Democratic political machine in New York City.

Honest Graft

Making money legally by using political knowledge and connections.

Dishonest Graft

Corruption involving bribery, fraud, or illegal actions.

George Washington Plunkitt

Tammany Hall politician who defended 'honest graft.'

Urban Problems

Overcrowding, pollution, poor sanitation, crime, and housing shortages.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal law aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Interstate Commerce Act

Regulated railroad rates and practices.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to improve wages and working conditions.

Collective Bargaining

Negotiation between workers and employers.

Mediation

Neutral third party helps both sides reach an agreement.

Arbitration

Neutral third party makes a binding decision in a dispute.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Labor union led by Samuel Gompers focused on skilled workers.

Sweatshops

Factories with poor working conditions, low wages, and long hours.

Child Labor

Employment of children in factories and mines.

Working Conditions

Often dangerous, with long hours and little safety protection.

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor protest in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb exploded.

Great Railroad Strike

1877 nationwide strike against wage cuts that led to violence.

Pullman Strike

1894 railroad strike led by Eugene Debs over wage cuts and high rents.

Eugene Debs

Labor leader who supported workers' rights and socialism.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social problems.

16th Amendment

Allowed a federal income tax.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of senators.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

1911 factory fire that led to workplace safety reforms.

Upton Sinclair

Author of The Jungle, exposing unsanitary meatpacking conditions.

Jane Addams

Social reformer who founded Hull House.

Ida Tarbell

Journalist who exposed Standard Oil's business practices.

Jacob Riis

Photographer and writer who revealed poor urban living conditions.

Booker T. Washington

Advocated vocational education and gradual advancement for African Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Demanded immediate civil rights and higher education opportunities.

Women's Suffrage

Movement to secure voting rights for women.

Recall

Allows voters to remove elected officials before their term ends.

Referendum

Citizens vote directly on proposed laws.

Initiative Petition

Citizens propose laws and place them on the ballot.

Direct Primary

Voters choose party candidates directly.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities.

Failures of Progressivism

Did not fully address racial discrimination and segregation.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trustbusting and reform.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's program promoting fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Trustbusting

Government efforts to break up monopolies.

Coal Strike (1902)

Roosevelt intervened to settle a coal miners' strike.

William H. Taft

Continued trustbusting but split the Republican Party.

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive president who supported banking and antitrust reforms.

Progressive Party

Roosevelt's 'Bull Moose Party' formed in 1912.

Election of 1912

Wilson won after Republicans split between Taft and Roosevelt.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened antitrust laws and protected labor unions.

Spanish-American War

1898 war between the U.S. and Spain; resulted in U.S. control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Roosevelt Corollary

Expanded the Monroe Doctrine by allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Panama Canal

Waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed by the U.S. in 1914.