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An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called ________.
public opinion
Who wrote The Persian Letters?
Charles de Montesquieu
________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.
Charles de Montesquieu
Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?
Rococo
Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?
Neoclassicism
________, who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.
Frederick the Great
As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of ________ in 1783.
Crimea
Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to impose the will of God?
Marquis Cesare Beccaria
From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?
from the Ottoman Empire
Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.
the Encyclopedia
Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?
Nathan the Wise
Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?
Charles de Montesquieu
Smith's theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called ________.
the four-stage theory
Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.
favored the extension of European empires across the world
Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, ________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.
Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia ________.
built a strong alliance with the nobility
Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.
its rational approach
How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?
Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform.
Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.
institutions
The Second Estate of the Estates General was made up of the ________.
nobility
Throughout the winter and spring of 1789, the high prices for ________ produced many riots.
bread
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was proclaimed by ________.
the National Constituent Assembly
The term sans-culottes was used in revolutionary France to refer to ________.
the lower middle-class
Louis XVI was condemned to death on the charge of ________.
conspiring against the liberty of the people
Which of these sparked war between France and most of the rest of Europe in 1792?
the French invasion of Belgium
Many victims of the Reign of Terror were subject to this "humane" form of execution. What was it?
Guillotine
What happened on the Ninth of Thermidor to end the Reign of Terror?
Members of the Convention to together to shout down Robespierre
The French Revolution has often been considered a victory of the ________.
bourgeoisie
Who put down the royalist rebels in October 1795 that were intensifying the food riots?
Napoleon Bonaparte
How did Louis XVI and his family try to escape Paris in June 1791?
They disguise themselves as servants
Who issued the Declaration of Pillnitz?
Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia
What revenue was to back up the value of the assignats?
the sale of church property
By which of the following ways did the aristocracy attempt to limit the influence of the Third Estate?
They demanded that each estate have anequal number of representatives.
The Tennis Court Oath refers to an oath taken by the ________.
National Assembly to give France a constitution
The Roman Catholic Church ________.
condemned the French Revolution
The sans-culottes wanted, above all else, ________.
relief from food shortages and high prices
By late 1794, the French army ________.
was larger than any other in European history
The changes made to the traditional calendar illustrate which of these revolutionary policies?
De- Christianization
From where did the Thermidorians get their name?
The name came from the events of July 27, or 9 Thermidor on the revolutionary calendar, when members of the Convention shouted down Robespierre.
William Pitt's domestic policies are best seen in the light of _______.
Ideological opposition to liberal reform
Which of the following best explains the actions of Maximilien de Robespierre?
fanatical support of the republican government
The Treaty of Campo Formio took which country out of war with France?
Austria
Who was the commander who destroyed the French Fleet at Abukir in 1798?
Horatio Nelson
The Second Coalition against France was made up of__________.
Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, and Britain.
Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture led the uprising in ___________.
Haiti
The Declaration of Napoleon as Emperor of France was ratified by____________.
a plebiscite
In 1805, which two countries joined the British against France?
Russia and Austria
By the end of 1810, what country had withdrawn from the Continental System?
Russia
The Continental System initially extended as far east as ________________.
Russia
One of the central features of the Romantic movement in Germany was the emergence of____________.
nationalism
The Treaty of Chaumont restored this group to the French throne: the_________.
Bourbons
Following the Congress of Vienna which country gained control of Northern Italy?
Austria
Romantics were drawn to the art, literature, and architecture of___________.
Medieval Europe
The English Romantics generally react to the ideas of ________________.
the Enlightenment
The Hundred Days refers to the __________.
period of Napoleon's return from Elba before his exile to Saint Helena
What was Napoleon's objective in capturing Egypt from the Ottoman Empire?
He hoped to drive the British fleet from the Mediterranean.
What event gave Napoleon the excuse he needed to crown himself emperor?
a failed assassination attempt
Which of these resulted from the Haitian uprising?
The United States made the Louisiana Purchase
What caused the end of the Holy Roman Empire?
the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau laid out how to live a good life without being adversely influenced by society in _________.
Émile
In Spain, Napoleon faced________.
guerrilla warfare
The long peninsular campaign in Spain ________.
drained French strength and hastened Napoleon's eventual defeat
When Napoleon invaded Russia, ________.
the Russian forces retreated, destroying food and supplies as they went
The Organic Articles of 1802 established ________.
the supremacy of state over church.
Which of the following statements best articulates the success of the Congress of Vienna?
The congress can be credited with preventing general war for a hundred years.
The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.
the West Indies
As a result of a scarcity of labor, which of the following nations were the first to quickly turn to importing African slaves?
Spain and Portugal
Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a ________.
triangle
The War of Jenkins's Ear was fought by England to block incursions on British trade by ________.
Spain
Maria Theresa's great achievement was ________.
the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as a major political power
The Seven Years' War was fought mainly in ________.
North America
Europe's balance of power was upset when Prussia's King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of ________.
Silesia
Benjamin Franklin gained assistance against Britain from ________.
France
Britain changed the outcome of the Seven Years' War when it came to the aid of ________.
Prussia -------Page Ref: 293
The war that gave the world a successful government without kings was the ________.
American Revolution
To what region was the greatest number of slaves sent?
the West Indies
Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?
technological superiority
Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________.
protect and administer the colonies
Frederick II's invasion of Silesia offset the continental balance of power and ________.
shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction
At the outbreak of the French and Indian War, new political alliances formed in Europe and included an alliance between ________.
France and Austria
What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?
The treaty granted independence to the American colonies.
At the conclusion of the French and Indian War, what two imperial problems did the British government face?
the costs of maintaining its empire and the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize
What did the world learn about the Atlantic Passage from memoirs and ships logs?
The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.
What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African slave labor?
political unrest and inter-tribal warfare
What advantage did the peninsulares receive in the Spanish Colonies?
They received the best, most profitable jobs in the region.
The Yorkshire Association Movement was started in England to ________.
reform the government
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley.
The use of Coromantee illustrates ________.
the survival of African culture under slavery
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, resulted in which of the following?
Prussia retained Silesia.
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was ________.
a shift in alliances
The scientific facts that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by ___
Johannes Kepler
Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who is known as the father of empiricism?
Francis Bacon
Descartes divided existing things into two categories: body and ___
mind
Hobbes saw human beings as ___
self-centered, power-hungry creatures
Maria Winkelmann made her contribution in the field of ___
astronomy
What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women?
80%
Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis because ___
he wanted to flatter his patrons
Baroque art became associated with ___
Roman Catholicism
Brahe's assistant was ___
Johannes Kepler
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