Chapter 6, Sections 3 & 4 - The Council of Trent & Saints of the Catholic Reformation

Deuterocanonical

Books of the Old Testament that do not appear in the Hebrew Scriptures but are accepted by the Church as part of the canon of Scripture.

Apocrypha

Writings about Jesus or the Christian message not accepted as part of the canon of Sacred Scripture

Justification

It is an invitation toward conversion, which happens as a response to God through active life of faith. It involves the removal of sin and the gift of God's sanctifying grace to renew holiness. It was accomplished by Christ's Paschal Mystery, in his sacrificial death for all humanity

Merit

God's reward to those who love him and by his grace do good works. We cannot earn justification or eternal life, which are a free gift of God. We have this before God due to the grace of Christ in us.

On the Creed

Confirmed Nicene Creed which has been adopted at both the Council of Nicea and the Council of Constantinople

On Scripture

Deuterocanonical books were part of the canon; affirmed in resonse to Luther's belief that these books were apocrypha; vulgate confirmed as the authoritative text

On Original Sin

Doctrine confirmed; Baptism's remittance of Original Sin confirmed

On Justification

It's effected through God's grace and granted at Baptism; saved through God's grace not merit

On the Sacraments

The Council of Trent affirmed that there were seven sacraments. It was in response to Luther's claim that only Baptism and Eucharist were valid sacraments.

On the Eucharist

The Council of Trent affirmed transubstantiation and that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist.

On the Mass

Mass is a sacrifice; Memorial of Christ's Passover and makes present Christ's sacrifice

On the Priesthood

The Council of Trent upheld celibacy for priests and defined the Sacrament of Holy Orders as an indelible mark on the soul of the ordained.

On the Founding of Seminaries

Acknowledged the importance of a well-educated clergy; Required dioceses around the world to establish seminaries to train clergy

On Marriage

Must be witnessed by a priest and 2 other witnesses

Roman Missal

The book containing the prescribed prayers and instructions for celebration of Mass in the Roman Catholic Church. Written in 1570 and revised at Vatican II in the 1960's, the words a priest says are in black ink while the actions he is to do are written in red. Revision was completed in 2002 with the English translation completed in 2011

2011

Year changes made in revised Roman Missal were implemented

Why Council of Trent was called

To answer the theological and philosophical questions raised by the Protestant Reformation

Counter Reformation

another name for the Catholic Reformation

Significance of location of Council of Trent

neutral area to address concerns and reforms of the Church

Primary themes addressed at the Council of Trent

Simony, indulgences and issues related to the clergy

Significance of length of time Council of Trent lasted and fact that three popes presided over Council

Popes and Church recognized that concerns and issues must be addressed and affirmed to counter claims raised as a result of Protestant Reformation; Wars, national strife, and epidemics caused the Council to stall

Increase in the power of the papacy

What historians agreed upon as a result of Council of Trent

"The Interior Castle"

- Written by St. Theresa of Avila

- A guide for spiritual development

"Dark Night of the Soul"

Written by St. John of the Cross who said, perfect union w/God requires that one pass through the dark night of the soul

"Introduction to the Devout Life"

This book written by Francis DeSales was to be a book on spiritual direction and calling people of all walks of life to holiness.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, also know as the Society of Jesus

Lived 1491-1556

Was a soldier, got seriously injured, and read about Sts. Francis and Dominic

Knew God was calling him to a life devoted to Him

Studied to be a priest

Organized with 6 other students at University of Paris to form a religious fraternity

Created the Spiritual Exercises

The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

religious organization that became the "spiritual arm" for the Counter-Reformation

approved by Pope Paul III in 1540

The Society of Jesus contributed to the Church's reforms by emphasizing the importance of education to the clergy and the laity.

The Jesuits founded countless universities, seminaries, and schools and contributed the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius, their founder.

Two Famous Jesuits we should know

Fr. Jean Pierre Medaille - founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph

Pope Francis - first Jesuit to be named pope of the Catholic Church

St. Teresa of Avila

Reformed monastic life in her own community of followers, the Carmelites. simplicity

Entered convent at young age

Realized there was lack of focus on God in the monastery

Established her own convent in Avila, Spain after trying to reform the first one

Her convent was a place of simplicity and poverty

The Carmalites

order founded by St. Teresa of Avila; known as Disacled (without shoes) Carmelites because they were wore simple footwear

St. Peter Canisius

Lived 1521-1597

Ordained in 1546

Traveled in Europe, especially Germany, to promote Catholic reforms

Attended much of the Council of Trent

Founded universities and published several catechisms

St. Charles Borromeo

Lived 1538-1584

Archbishop of Milan

Responsible for many reforms during the Counter-Reformation

Most important - seminaries established for priests

St. Robert Bellarmine

Lived 1542-1621

Italian Jesuit and cardinal

Put some reforms of the Council of Trent into effect and wrote about the residence of bishops in their diocese (called for by the Council)

St. Francis de Sales

Lived 1567-1622

Bishop of Geneva

Won back Catholics by preaching

Wrote Introduction to the Devout Life which explains the importance of the sacraments

St. Jane Frances de Chantal

Lived 1572-1641

Founded Order of the Visitation of Mary after her husband died

Had been inspired after meeting St. Frances de Sales in Dijon while he was preaching

Baroque

Art that is florid, more colorful, richer in texture and decoration, more light and shade- apparently less control. Scenes embody mystery and drama, violence and spectacle, suggesting a deliberate striving after effect. The Catholic church commissions artists to stir religious emotions and win back defectors. Values: sensualsim, dynaism, emotion.

relating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism and is characterized by ornate detail. In architecture the period is exemplified by the palace of Versailles and by the work of Bernini in Italy. Major composers include Vivaldi, Bach, and Handel; Caravaggio and Rubens are important baroque artists.

motto associated with St. Teresa of Avila

Lord, let me suffer or let me die

Why Church embraced Baroque style during this time

in response to minimalist approach Protestant churches took in their decor; to enhance one's spiritual experience in Church through art and music

Thirty Year's War

Civil war that caused much destruction throghout Europe; devistated Germany by killing off more than half of its population and leaving survivors in dire poverty; dethrowned Spain as major European power and established France as continental leader

Tridenten Mass

another name for the Latin Mass; priest faced the altar, which was located along back wall, with his back to the congregation