SMMC Intro to Psychology (Module 3)

Internal validity

is a degree to which changes in dependent variables across treatment conditions were caused by the independent variable. It refers to the extent to which the results obtained in a research study are a function of the variables that were systematically manipulated, measured, and observed in the study. (it is valid if we can make sure that the dependent variables are really caused by independent variables)

Confounding

when the value of an extraneous variables changes systematically across different conditions of an experiment (our research could confound if we put experimental subjects at morning and control subjects at night) (parang massabotage)

Extraneous variables

the factors that are not the focus of experiment but can influence the findings or results

History

a threat associated with participants that occurs when an event outside the experiment threatens internal validity by changing the dependent variable. (research about the effects of food, group a were weighed before lunch and group b weighed after lunch)

Previous history

it is an extraneous variables that occurs before the study

Concurrent history

an extraneous variable that occurs during the study

Maturation

a threat associated with participants that produced when physical or psychological changes in the subject, threatening interval validity by changing the dv. (subjects may quit the experiment kapag sobrang tagal) (sobrang tagal kaya bored na resulting in errors in experiment) (the passage of time affects the results)

Biological

a type of maturation extraneous variables that based on growth processes

Psychological

a type of maturation extraneous variables that based on learning or development

Testing

a threat associated with measurements that occurs when prior exposure to a measurement procedure affects performance on this measure during experiment (the pretest affects the post test)

Instrumentation

a threat associated with measurements that occurs when changes in the measurement instrument or measuring procedure. (iniiba yung instrument of measuring the data) (changed on how dependent variables are measured)

Statistical regression

a threat associated with measurements that occurs when subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of extreme scores, the subjects are retested using the same procedure to measure dependent variables. Refers to the tendency of high scores from pretest regress toward mean score in post test. (pretest mataas, posttest mababa)

Selection

a threat associated with subjects that occurs when individuals are not balanced across treatment conditions by the assignment procedure. It pertains that the subjects from experimental and controlled may possess different characteristics

Subject mortality

a threat associated with subjects that occurs when subjects drop out of experimental conditioner at different rates. It refers to the loss of subjects from a study due to their initial non availability or subsequent withdrawal from the study

Selection interactions

a threat associated with subjects that occurs when a selection threat combines with at least one other threat (history, maturation, regression, mortality, or testing)

Method section

this section describes the participants, apparatus or materials, and procedure of the experiment. This section provides the reader with sufficient detail (who. what , when, and how) to exactly replicate your study.