Human Anatomy Ch. 1

a-, an-

not, without (acardia: lack of a heart), (anaerobic: in the absence of oxygen)

ab-

off, from, away (abnormal: departing from normal)

acou-

hearing (acoustics: the science of sound)

acr-, acro-

at the apex, extremity; peak (acrodermatitis: inflammation of the skin of the extremities)

ad-

to, toward (adorbital: toward the orbit)

aden-, adeno-

gland (adeniform: resembling a gland in shape)

aero-

air (aerobic respiration: oxygen-requiring metabolism)

af-

toward (afferent neurons: carry impulses to the central nervous system (CNS))

alb-

white/pale, comes from albino. (corpus albicans : a white scar tissue)

amphi-

on both sides; of both kinds (amphibian: an organism capable of living both in water and on land)

ana-

apart, up, again (anaphase of mitosis: when the chromosomes separate)

angi-

vessel (angiitis: inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or blood vessel)

ant-, anti-

against, opposite (anticoagulant: a substance that prevents blood coagulation)

ante-

preceding, before (antecubital: in front of the elbow)

ap-, api-

tip, extremity (apex: of the heart)

append-

hang to (appendicular skeleton)

aqua-, aque-

water (aqueous solutions)

areola-

open space (areolar connective tissue: a loose connective tissue)

arthr-, arthro-

joint (arthropathy: any disease or abnormality of a joint)

artic-

joint (articular surfaces of bones, the points of connection)

atri-

vestibule (atria (plural form of atrium): upper chambers of the heart)

aut-, auto-

self (autogenous: self generated)

ax-, axi-, axo-

axis (axle axial skeleton, axis of vertebral column)

azyg-

unpaired (azygous vein: an unpaired vessel)

basal-

base (basal lamina of epithelial basement membrane)

bi-

two (bicuspid: having two cusps)

bio-

life (biology: study of life and living organisms)

blast-

bud, germ (blastocyte: undifferentiated embryonic cell)

brachi-

arm (brachial plexus of peripheral nervous system (PNS) supplies the arm)

brev-

short (peroneus brevis: a short leg muscle)

broncho-

the windpipe (bronchospasm, spasmodic contraction of bronchial muscle)

bucco-

cheek (buccolabial: pertaining to the cheek and lip)

Anatomy

The study of the STRUCTURE of the human body

Physiology

The study of body FUNCTION

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

1. Chemical Level (atoms form molecules)

2. Cellular Level (Cells and their functional subunits)

3. Tissue Level (A group of cells performing a common function)

4. Organ Level (A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue)

5. Organ System Level (Organs working together for a common purpose)

6. Organismal Level (The result of all simpler levels working in unison)

Integumentary System

• Forms external body covering

• Protects deeper tissues from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Site of cutaneous (related to the skin) receptors

  • (Pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides a framework for muscles

• Blood cells formed within bones

• Stores minerals

Muscular System

• Allows manipulation of environment

• Locomotion

• Facial expression

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Nervous System

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external changes

• Activates muscles and glands

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones that regulate:

  • Growth

  • Reproduction

  • Nutrient use

Cardiovascular System

• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

• Blood vessels transport blood

  • Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

  • It also carries nutrients and wastes

Lymphatic System/Immunity

• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels

• Returns fluid to blood

• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system

• Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)

• Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

Respiratory System

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

Digestive System

• Breaks down food into absorbable units

• Indigestible food stuff eliminated as feces

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

• Overall function is to produce offspring

• Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones

• Male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

• Female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

• Mammary glands produce milk

Axial region

Axis of the body: Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular region

Appendages (limbs (arms and legs), extremities

Cephalic (head) (Anterior View)

• Frontal (forehead)

• Orbital (eyes)

• Nasal (nose)

• Oral (mouth)

• Mental (chin)

Cervical (Anterior View)

Neck

Abdomen

Ab area (purple)

Back (Dorsum)

Entire back but not including yo booty cheeks (blue)

Thoracic (Chest area (orange)) (Anterior View)

• Sternal (sternum area in the middle)

• Axillary (area right next to armpit)

• Mammary (nipple)

Abdominal (Anterior View)

Umbilical (belly button)

Pelvic (Anterior View)

• Inguinal (groin) (area right ABOVE the pp)

Pubic (Anterior View)

pp (genital)

Upper limb (Anterior View)

• Acromial (tippy top of the arm)

• Brachial (arm) (bicep area)

• Antecubital (inner side of arm where the elbow folds)

• Antebrachial (forearm)

• Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand) (Anterior View)

• Pollex (thumb)

• Palmar (palm)

• Digital (fingers)

Lower Limb (Anterior View)

• Coxal (hip - side)

• Femoral (thigh)

• Patellar (knee)

• Crural (entire lower leg)

• Fibular/Peroneal (outer side of lower leg/near the fibula)

Pedal (foot) (Anterior View)

• Tarsal (ankle)

• Metatarsal (in between toes and ankle)

• Digital (toes)

• Hallux (Big toe)

Upper Limb (Posterior View)

• Acromial (tippy top of arm)

• Brachial (arm- bicep area)

• Olecranal (elbow)

• Antebrachial (forearm)

Manus (hand) (Posterior View)

• Metacarpal (area in between fingers and wrist on the top side)

• Digital (fingers)

Lower Limb (Posterior View)

• Femoral (thigh)

• Popliteal (back of knee)

• Sural (calf)

• Fibular/Peroneal (outer side of lower leg)

Pedal (foot) (Posterior View)

• Calcaneal (base of the foot/very back of the foot)

• Plantar (bottom of the foot)

Cephalic (Posterior View)

• Otic (ears)

• Occipital (back of head)

Back (dorsal) (Posterior View)

• Scapular (big triangle bones in the back)

• Vertebral (spine)

• Lumbar (area bottom next to spine)

• Sacral (base of the spine) sometimes ppl have dimples here

• Gluteal (BUTT CHEEKS)

• Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)

Opposite of Superior

Inferior

Opposite of Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)

Opposite of Medial

Lateral

Opposite of Superficial

Deep

Sagittal planes

Extend vertically and divide the body into right and left parts

• Median (midsagittal) plane

  • Sagittal plane that runs along the midline (EQUAL right and left parts)

• Parasagittal plane

  • Sagittal plane that is offset from the midline (UNEQUAL right and left parts)

Frontal (coronal) plane

Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts (FRONT/BACK)

Transverse plane

Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts (UP/DOWN)

Dorsal Body Cavity

Includes: Cranial cavity + Vertebral cavity

Cranial Cavity:

• Contains brain

Vertebral Cavity:

• Contains spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

Includes: Thoracic Cavity (divided into 3 parts) + Abdominopelvic Cavity (divided into 2 parts)

Thoracic Cavity:

• Pleural Cavity: Two lateral parts, each containing A LUNG

• Mediastinum: contains the HEART, SURROUNDED by the pericardial cavity, and esophagus and trachea

• Superior Mediastinum: upper part of the central chest space between the lungs

Diaphragm in the middle of these two cavities btw ☠ blud

Abdominopelvic Cavity:

• Abdominal Cavity: contains the LIVER, STOMACH, KIDNEYS, and other organs

• Pelvic Cavity: contains the BLADDER, some REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, and RECTUM

Serous cavities

a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane

Parietal Serosa

Outer wall of the cavity

Visceral Serosa

Covers the visceral organs

Serous fluid

Produced by both (parietal & visceral) layers of the serous membranes

Which cavities are serous cavities?

Pleura (lungs), Pericardium (heart), and Peritoneum (abdomen)

What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?

Right Upper quadrant (RUQ), Right Lower quadrant (RLQ), Left Upper quadrant (LUQ), Left Lower quadrant (LLQ)