AP Gov required court cases (14)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law (established supremacy of federal laws over state laws, Congress has IMPLIED powers to create a necessary and proper bank)

U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

congress may NOT use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

Baker v. Carr (1961)

established the principle of "one person, one vote" by ruling that redistricting issues can be addressed by federal courts, ensuring equal representation in state legislatures

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

legislative redistricting must be conscious of race and ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

ruled that government-sponsored prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

held that Amish students could not be compelled to attend school beyond the eighth grade, as it violated their religious beliefs

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School district (1969)

protected students' free speech rights in public schools, allowing them to wear armbands in protest

New York Times v. U.S. (1971)

a landmark case protecting freedom of the press, ruling that the government could not prevent publication of the Pentagon Papers

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

ruled that speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the First Amendment, particularly in wartime

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

guaranteed the right to counsel for defendants in criminal cases who cannot afford an attorney

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

a significant case addressing gun rights, ruling that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments through the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

landmark decision that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional, effectively ending racial segregation in schools

Citizen United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

a landmark case that established that political spending by corporations and unions is protected under the First Amendment as free speech