UNIT 1

hbs unit 1 test

Anterior

near the front

Posterior

the back

Inferior

low or lower in position

Superior

higher in position

Medial

situated in the middle

Lateral

near the side

Distal

away from the center of the body or from point of attachment

Proximal

near the center of the body or point of attachment

Superficial

occurring at or on the surface, near the top, right beneath the skin

Deep

far down from the surface

Ventral

the belly or abdominal

Dorsal

toward the back of the human body

Abdominal

the stomach

Antecubital

front of elbow

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

upper arm (muscle)

Buccal

cheek

Calcanel

back of heel

Carpal

wrist

Cephalic

top of head

Cervical

near pelvis

Coxal

hip area

Digital

toes

Femoral

thigh

Gluteal

butt

Inguinal

hernia, by pelvic, right below it

Lumbar

loins of vertebre

Nasal

nose

Occipital

back of head

Olecranal

behind the elbow

Oral

mouth

Orbital

eyes

Patellar

kneecap

Pelvic

near pelvis

Popliteal

area behind knee

Sacral

sacrum

Scapular

head

Sternal

near sternum

Tarsal

area between foot and leg

Thoracic

chest

Umbilical

belly button

Vertebral

vertebrae

Describe an example that demonstrates how one human body system impacts the effectiveness of another.

if the nervous system does not give a signal to certain glands in the endocrine system, hormones do not get released when they should, which can impact body function

Describe three body processes or functions that all humans have in common.

(1) All humans excrete liquid waste through the urinary system, which filters out waste products and recycles water and certain ions back through the body.
(2) All humans' heart muscle contracts, which moves blood throughout the body via arteries and veins.
(3) All humans experience muscle contractions that produce movement. These contractions are caused by the electrical signals from the nervous system.

Provide an example of an individual difference that may impact the functioning of one of the human body systems.

Type 1 Diabetes is an auto-immune disorder which impacts the endocrine's system ability to produce insulin. This causes many problems in the body which we talked about last year.

Diseases and/or medical conditions often involve more than one system. In fact, the effects on a secondary system may be as serious as the primary system most associated with the problem.

If there is a problem with the hypothalamus (nervous system), it will affect the pituitary gland (endocrine system) so that the pituitary gland is not able to perform its function (stress, growth, reproduction, lactation, etc.).

What are the benefits of using universal terms and anatomical position to refer to location on the human body? How do they help identify all humans?

It gives medical professionals a common language so that they can refer to a specific part of the human body and other medical professionals will know exactly which location on the body they are referring to. These terms are helpful for all humans. Although there are differences between humans, these anatomical reference points exist in every human being and can therefore be used to identify every human.

What does it mean if a doctor says he/she is about to dissect the distal end of the popliteal artery?

The popliteal region is the back of the knee. Since distal refers to being further away from the point of attachment (as opposed to proximal, which is closer to the point of attachment), then the distal end of the popliteal would be the end furthest away from the hip socket where the leg is connected to the rest of the body. Therefore, it would be the lower portion of the popliteal artery (the part of the back of the knee closest to the foot).

Your friend assures you that anterior and posterior can always be used interchangeably with ventral and dorsal. Politely explain to him/her that this statement is not always true. (HINT: think about what these terms mean for four-legged animals)

Anterior refers to the portion of the body that is situated toward the front. On a human, that would be the front portion of the body. On a dog (for example), the anterior portion would be the portion closest to the head and away from the tail. Ventral refers to the abdominal portion of the body (in a two-legged animal), or the underside portion (in a four-legged animal). Dorsal refers to the back portion of the body (in a two-legged animal), or the upper side portion (in a four-legged animal). So for a dog (or any four-legged animal), anterior is toward the head and ventral means the underside. These terms are not interchangeable for a dog. And likewise, posterior is the region close to the tail and dorsal means the back portion or top side of the dog. So these terms are also not interchangeable. On a human (or any two-legged animal), they are, since anterior and ventral both refer to the front side, and posterior and dorsal both refer to the back side.

Tissue

A group of similar cells designed to carry out a specific function.

Cells

main function: transportation of molecules, conversion of energy, and reproduction

Epithelial Tissue

Protect tissues that lie beneath it, regulation and exchange of chemicals between underlying tissues.

Connective Tissue

example of connective: blood. provides a transport system within our body for oxygen and other important substances. main types of connective: dense connective, loose connective and cartilage.

Muscle Tissue

Can be divided into smooth, skeletal, or cardiac. Has ability to relax and contract. Responsible for maintaining posture, physical movement, and movement of internal organs. 650 skeletal muscles in our body.

Nervous Tissue

CNS, brain, and spinal cord. Used to react to stimuli and conduct impulses. Made up of neurons. Made up of nerve cell fibers bound together by connective tissue.

Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain. Consists of a cell body with branching signal receivers and axon, which conduct the nerve signal.

Cartilage

(connective tissue) provides support, less rigid than the bone. Allows flexibility of movement, more stability than muscle. Produced by cells called chondroblasts.

Blood

Supplies nutrients to cells.

Tendons

(connective tissue) Usually connects muscle to the bone. Capable of withstanding tension. Similar to ligaments.

Ligaments

(connective tissue) Connect bone to another bone. Serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.

Mandible

lower jaw

Maxilla

upper jaw and mouth

Zygomatic Process

cheek bone

Frontal Bone

forehead

Temporal Bone

underneath the tempal

Parietal Bone

back of skull

Orbicularis Oculi

muscle that closes eyelids, helps you blink, major component of eyelid.

Orbicularis Oris

a muscle that encircles the mouth. controls movement of the mouth and lips.

Temporalis

fan shaped muscle on each side of the head. covers much of the temporal bone. Lifts the lower jaw to open the mouth.

What do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium? Make sure to note the organization of cells in these two tissue types.

The epithelial tissue seemed to be organized in a more closely-packed pattern. The connective tissue was more spread out (although the cells were still connected to one another through the matrix). You may not have seen this, but the epithelial tissue did not have any blood vessels connected to it, whereas the connective tissue did.

Explain how the structure of epithelium and the structure of connective tissue, specifically bone, relate to the function of the tissue.

One main function of epithelial tissue is protection. It forms protective layers or linings in the body. So it makes sense that epithelial tissue cells would be closely packed together. Bone tissue cells are structured in a more spread-out matrix with blood vessels connected to the tissue. This makes sense when considering that the bones need to support while being lightweight. This structure also supports the bone cell function of making new blood cells (enabled by the fact that the tissue has blood vessels that can bring needed supplies to it).

How does the distribution of tissues contribute to our appearance and to our identity?

One major way that we get our appearance is by the shape of our skeleton (determined by the distribution of our bone connective tissue). Our muscle tissue is also unique, which can give us a more or less full figure. Fat (or adipose) tissue, as we have seen on our Maniken, can also determine things like the shape of the cheeks and the eyes.

Describe the role of fat in our cheeks and behind our eyes.

The buccal fat pads have been hypothesized to help infants chew and suckle. They also may help to cushion the temporalis muscle as it makes the chewing motion. And they may help to cushion other facial muscles as well.

The fat behind our eyes serves a similar function to the cheek fat. It protects the eyeball to keep it from being damaged by rubbing up against the bone in the skull.

Think about the action of the muscles you have built on your maniken. Describe specific motions that you would not be able to complete if you damaged your temporalis, your orbicularis oculi or your orbicularis oris. How would this affect your ability to communicate?

If the temporalis was damaged, it would be difficult to open and close your mouth. This would obviously make it more difficult to form words. (And it would affect your ability to chew food, not that this has much to do with communication.)

If you damaged your orbicularis oculi, you would not be able to blink or wink. We show many different emotions by raising or lowering our eyelids, so facial expression would be much more difficult without the orbicularis oculi.

If you damaged your orbicularis oris, you would have difficulty opening and closing your mouth, which is crucial for forming words correctly. Also, it would be difficult to communicate to someone that you want to kiss them if you can't pucker your lips.

Which of the following bones was not used to help us estimate our height?

clavicle

Primary function is communication.

nervous tissue

Primary function is support.

connective tissue

Primary function is movement.

muscle tissue

Primary function is protection.

epithelial tissue

Blood is an example.

connective tissue

Ligaments are an example.

connective tissue

This tissue can be categorized as cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

muscle tissue

This tissue is made of tightly packed cells which correlate to the tissue's function.

epithelial tissue

Adipose is an example.

connective tissue

Which bone of the body would best help you determine the gender of an individual?

the pelvis, because the angle of the bones that meet at the pubic symphysis is larger in females than in males

Which of the bones in our skeletal hunt best helped determine the ethnicity of your skeleton?

the skull, because the shape of the eye sockets, the nasal index, and the prognathism can all help identify ethnicity

Is the humerus the best bone to use for height estimation?

No, the femur would be better because it is the largest leg bone, and it contributes greatly to the height of an individual

Skull

the head

Sternum

top of rib cage

Radius

near front of elbow, arm

Phalanges

fingers and toes

Rib Cage

ribs

Tibia

larger bone in leg

Fibula

smaller bone in leg

Vertebral Column

vertebrae

Scapula

armpit

Carpals

very bottom of hand/wrist

Metacarples

right below fingers

Pelvic Girdle

right above pelvis

Femur

thigh bone