Food Animal Nutrition - Water, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

What % water loss is fatal to animals?

12%

What % water loss is fatal to camels?

30%

List three sources of water

Drinking Water, Water in or on Feed, and Metabolic Water

What is metabolic water?

Water produced as a result of oxidation during cellular respiration

What are three properties of water that aid in animal life?

High dielectric constant, High heat of vaporization, and High specific heat capacity

Importance of the high dielectric constant of water

The high polarity of water allows it to dissolve many things

Importance of the high heat of vaporization of water

Heat is removed from the body when the organism sweats and exhales

Importance of high specific heat capacity

It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water significantly, which helps to maintain body temperature.

Which physical principle is working to help cool a dog when it pants?

High heat of vaporization

Which physical principle is working to help move nutrients to the cells?

High dielectric constant

List five functions of water in animals

Biochemical reactions, transport, constant body temperature, media for chemical reactions, takes part in chemical reactions

What are eight consequences of too little water?

Increased heart rate, increased rectal temperatures, increased respiration rate, increased blood concentration, loss of intra- and extra-cellular water, nausea, irritability, and death

Why is water such a good substance for maintaining constant body temperature?

High specific heat and high heat of vaporization

How does water help maintain constant body temperature?

1. Absorb large amounts of heat without rapidly increasing temperature. 2. Remove heat when water evaporates.

In what circumstance is metabolic water important in animals?

When animals are hibernating or have limited water access

How are carbohydrates classified

By the number of carbons per sugar and the number of sugars in the compound

List three pentoses

Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose

List four hexoses

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose

List four disaccharides and the monosaccharides they are made of

Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose), Lactose (Glucose + Galactose), Maltose (Glucose + Glucose with alpha bond), Cellobiose (Glucose + Glucose with beta bond)

List three polysaccharides

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

Starch is an energy source that has alpha bonds, Cellulose is used for structure and has beta bonds

What is glycogen, and what is it most similar to?

A polysaccharide made entirely of glucose, similar to amylopectin

What are the 2 forms of starch, and what is their difference?

Amylose (Straight chain polymer) and Amylopectin (Highly branched polymer)

What happens to the extra starch if too much is consumed?

It is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue

What is lignin and what effect does it have on other carbohydrates?

Lignin is not a carb. It is a mixture of polymers and phenolic acid, and is indigestible

Why is lignin present?

It gives structure to plants

Which portion of

proximate analysis is lignin present in?

Fiber

What are the groups of lipids BESIDES the mono-, di- and triglycerides?

Simple Lipids, Compound Lipids, and Derived Lipids

What makes up a triglyceride?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What atoms are fats made up of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What are fats soluble in?

Ether and other organic solvents

What are the differences between carbohydrates and lipids?

Carbs contain more oxygen than lipids, Lipids are more energy-dense, Carbohydrates are a better immediate energy source and can be used for structure, lipids carry fat soluble vitamins

What are the similarities between carbohydrates and lipids?

Both contain C, H, and O, can be oxidized for energy, and are stored in the body

Why (and how) do fats contain more energy than carbs?

Fats have less oxygen, so they have more C and H per O. C and H are the energy-providing atoms, and they are present in a higher concentration in fats.

Energy in Fats vs Carbs

Fat= 9 kcal/g. Carbs= 4 kcal/g

What are VFAs?

Volatile fatty acids are the final product of bacteria breaking down carbs in the rumen

List the three VFAs

Acetic acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid

List 2 long chain saturated fatty acids

Palmitic acid and Stearic Acid

Name 1 long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acid that

is non-essential

Oleic Acid

Name 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid

Name three EFAs

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated (DOU = 0 - No Double Bonds) Unsaturated (DOU >0 - Double Bonds)

Are saturated or unsaturated fatty acids healthier?

Unsaturated

List 3 consequences of unsaturation

Lower melting point, More susceptible to oxidation, More chemically reactive

What has to happen to fats in order for them to be digested? (Four steps)

1. Bile salts emulsify fat. 2. Lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides. 3. Products associate with micelles. 4. Fatty acids/monoglycerides are absorbed.

What are the major sources of fats as livestock feeds?

Vegetable Oil, Marine Oil, and Byproducts (Flaxseed Oil, Fish Oil, Canola Oil, Distillers Corn Oil, Soybean Oil)

Why might you feed more fat in hot summer than in cold winter (2 reasons)?

1. Animals might eat less in the heat, and fat has more energy per gram than carbohydrates. 2. Fats produce less metabolic heat than carbohydrates.