APWH 1.2

What led to the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate?

The decline was caused by the Seljuk Turks reducing Abbasid caliphs to figureheads, the Crusades where European Christians captured Jerusalem, and the Mongol invasion that destroyed Baghdad in 1258.

What was the Mamluk Sultanate and its significance?

The Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) was established by Turkic slave-soldiers in Egypt who overthrew the rulers and controlled the sugar and cotton trade, but it declined due to the emergence of Portuguese sea routes.

What was the Delhi Sultanate and its cultural impact?

The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) was ruled by Turkic Muslims in North India who introduced Persian culture and Islam.

What was Al-Andalus and its historical significance?

Al-Andalus was Islamic Spain where the Umayyads established Córdoba as a center of learning, ruling until 1492 after being defeated at the Battle of Tours in 732.

How did the decline of Baghdad affect trade?

Baghdad's decline was due to a shift in Silk Road routes northward, which weakened its economy.

What role did dhows play in trade?

Dhows were Arab/Indian ships that boosted Indian Ocean trade, facilitating the spread of goods and ideas.

What were some intellectual achievements during the Islamic Golden Age?

The House of Wisdom in Baghdad translated texts from Greek, Indian, and Chinese scholars, with notable figures like Al-Tusi in astronomy, Ibn Khaldun in historiography, and 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah as a Sufi poet.

What is Sufism and its cultural significance?

Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes introspection and adaptation to local cultures, blending practices such as Hindu-Islamic traditions in India.

What were the conditions of slavery in Islamic societies?

Muslims could enslave non-Muslims, such as Africans and Slavs, but many were freed after converting to Islam.

What rights did women have in Islamic societies?

Women had rights to inherit property, initiate divorce, and practice birth control, but faced limitations such as their testimony being worth half that of a man's in court.

What reforms did Muhammad implement regarding women?

Muhammad banned female infanticide and ensured that dowries went directly to brides.

What was the status of 'People of the Book' in Islamic societies?

'People of the Book' (Jews and Christians) were required to pay jizya (a tax) but were granted protection under Islamic rule.

How did Muslims, Jews, and Christians coexist in Al-Andalus?

In Al-Andalus, Muslims, Jews, and Christians coexisted and shared knowledge, with notable influences such as Maimonides on Aquinas.