KAS 1 Review 1st to 3rd Republic

Republic of Biak-na-Bato

A republic inaugurated by Aguinaldo in Bulacan, which had a constitution lifted from Cuba’s Jimaguayu Constitution. It lasted for less than two months before Aguinaldo entered secret negotiations.

Pedro Paterno

An ilustrado who helped facilitate secret negotiations between Aguinaldo and Primo de Rivera, leading to the Truce of Biak-na-Bato. He was the Speaker of the Malolos Congress.

American Expansionism

The rapid expansion of the US in Asia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific during the late 19th century, motivated by economic, military, and ideological factors.

Manifest Destiny

A concept prevalent in the 19th century, fueled by American exceptionalism, holding that the US was destined to expand westward and across the seas, used to justify acquiring new territories, including the Philippines.

White Man's Burden

A related and often racist concept that served as a crucial driving force in US territorial expansion, holding that whites have the moral obligation to civilize non-whites such as the Filipinos.

Benevolent Assimilation

A concept first uttered by President McKinley in December 1898, on which the entire colonial enterprise of the US in the Philippines was hinged. The proclamation justified American control as a benevolent act aimed at uplifting Filipinos, promising individual rights and liberties and a just government. Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation in response.

William McKinley

First uttered the concept of benevolent assimilation. Sent the First Philippine Commission. Issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation outlining US plans for the Philippines.

Libel Law

A strict policy implemented by the US colonial government that prohibited malicious defamation, meant to extinguish Filipino nationalism.

Sedition Law

A strict policy implemented by the US colonial government that banned uprisings against the US, meant to extinguish Filipino nationalism.

Flag Law

A strict policy implemented by the US colonial government that prohibited the display of Philippine flags, meant to extinguish Filipino nationalism.

Brigandage Law

A strict policy implemented by the US colonial government that made highway robbery illegal, meant to extinguish Filipino nationalism.

American Social Engineering

Policies and initiatives implemented by the American colonial government, including political changes, education reforms, public health improvements, introduction of sports, and infrastructure development.

First Philippine Commission (1899)

An investigative body sent by President McKinley, headed by Jacob Schurman, which recommended the creation of a civil government, a bicameral congress, improvements in sanitation/healthcare, and a public school system.

William Howard Taft

Led the Second Philippine Commission and eventually became the first American civil governor-general of the Philippines. He created a two-party system.

Two-party system

Created under William Howard Taft, consisting initially of the Partido Federalista and the Partido Nacionalista.

Partido Federalista

One of the two oldest parties created under Taft, which wanted the statehood of the Philippines.

Partido Nacionalista

One of the two oldest parties created under Taft, which advocated Philippine independence.

Philippine Organic Act

Enacted by the US Congress, it became the first American constitution of the Philippines. It created a bicameral Philippine Legislature with the Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house for Filipino lawmakers. It was replaced by the Philippine Autonomy Act.

Philippine Autonomy Act

Replaced the Philippine Organic Act and gave Filipinos more autonomy. It reorganized the legislature, making the all-Filipino Philippine Senate the upper house and the House of Representatives the lower house. It also vaguely promised Philippine independence in the future. It encouraged independence missions.

Philippine Senate

The all-Filipino upper house of the legislature after the reorganization under the Jones Act, with Quezon as the first Senate President.

Pensionado program

A scholarship program established by the US to educate Filipinos according to American and colonial standards; notable alumni include Carlos Romulo, Encarnacion Alzona, Tomas Mapua, and Jose Abad Santos.

Public Health

A system developed by the Americans, considered a significant contribution, involving the inauguration of the Board of Health in 1901 to combat diseases, opening hospitals, and implementing health interventions like vaccinations and inspections.

Philippine General Hospital

One of several hospitals opened by the Americans in Manila as part of healthcare development.

The City Beautiful Movement

A concept related to the Burnham plans, expected to address problems of empire through aesthetic interventions in landscape and the built environment.

Baguio

Carefully planned by the Americans according to Burnham plans, created as the summer capital when Manila's climate was uncomfortable, developed along the lines of a miniature Washington, DC.

Hong Kong Junta

A Filipino government-in-exile established by Emilio Aguinaldo in Hong Kong in January 1898.

Spanish-American War

Caused by the explosion and sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898; the US blamed Spain and declared war.

USS Maine

Its explosion and sinking at the port of Havana on February 15, 1898, was the cause cited for the Spanish-American War.

Edward Spencer Pratt

The consul-general of the United States in Singapore who summoned Aguinaldo in April 1898 and sought his support against Spain after the US declared war.

Commodore George Dewey

Commander of the US Asiatic Squadron. His squadron attacked the Spanish Navy in Cavite in the Battle of Manila Bay, easily defeating them. He requested Filipino troops refrain from attacking Intramuros during the Mock Battle of Manila.

Battle of Manila Bay

A military encounter on May 1, 1898, where Commodore George Dewey's US Asiatic Squadron attacked and easily defeated the Spanish Navy under Admiral Patricio Montojo in Cavite, leading to the destruction of the Spanish fleet.

Treaty of Paris

Ended months of hostility between Spain and the United States. Spain relinquished its colonial possessions in Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. It was ratified by the US Congress on February 6, 1899, formalizing the transfer of the Philippines to the US for $20,000,000. Filipinos were not allowed to participate in its writing, increasing tension.

First Philippine Republic

Inaugurated on January 23, 1899, following the formal adoption of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899. It sought international recognition by publishing newspapers, establishing a public school system and university, and sending diplomats.

Malolos Congress

The legislative arm of the Revolutionary Government, convened on September 15, 1898, at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan, tasked with drafting a constitution. It ratified Philippine Independence on September 29, 1898 and adopted Felipe Calderon's draft constitution.

Malolos Constitution

Drafted by the Revolutionary Congress (Malolos Congress). Felipe Calderon's draft was adopted and approved on November 29. It was formally adopted on January 21, 1899, preceding the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.

Private William Grayson

An American soldier who fired the first shot of the Philippine-American War on February 4.

Anastacio Felix

A Corporal in the Revolutionary Army, who was the first casualty of the Philippine-American War.

Gen. Arthur MacArthur

An American General whose forces fought against Filipino forces led by Gen. Antonio Luna in northern Luzon during the Philippine-American War.

Gen. Pio del Pilar

A Filipino General who led forces in Southern Luzon against Gen. Henry Lawton during the Philippine-American War.

Gen. Martin Delgado

The Filipino commander of forces on the island of Panay during the Philippine-American War.

Bates Treaty of 1899

A treaty signed between American Gen. John Bates and Sultan Jamalol Kiram of Sulu, reflecting a different approach taken by the Americans in Mindanao.

Gen. Gregorio del Pilar

Presented a plan in Ilocos to give Aguinaldo more time during the Philippine-American War. His strategy was initially effective but was defeated, leading to his death, with the help of an Igorot named Januario Galut.

Tirad Pass

A location in Ilocos where Gen. Gregorio del Pilar engaged the Americans. The defeat and death of Del Pilar and his troops occurred here with the help of Januario Galut, who showed Americans an alternate route.

Cecilio Seguismundo

Aguinaldo's personal messenger whose surrender revealed Aguinaldo's location in Palanan, Isabela, leading to Aguinaldo's capture.

Philippine insurrection

The term used by the Americans to officially declare the Philippine-American War over on July 4, 1902.

Independence Missions

Official delegations sent by Filipinos to the US starting in 1919 to campaign for Philippine independence, encouraged by the Jones Act and Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. The OsRox Mission and the Quezon mission were notable examples.

OsRox Mission

An independence mission that lobbied for the passing of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which was subsequently rejected by the Philippine Legislature.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

An independence bill lobbied for by the OsRox Mission; it was rejected by the Philippine Legislature. Its provisions were very similar to the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

Quezon Mission

Headed by Quezon, this mission secured a different version of an independence bill called the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

An independence bill secured by the Quezon Mission. It mandated the creation of the Commonwealth Government as a ten-year transition period, preparing for Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946. It also required a new constitution (1935 Constitution) and limited Filipino immigration to the US.

Commonwealth Government

Mandated by the Tydings-McDuffie Act as an autonomous interim government for a ten-year transition period leading to Philippine Independence. Its top leadership was evacuated during the Japanese invasion. It was reinstated after the Japanese occupation ended with Osmeña as president.

Philippine Constitution of 1935

Drafted by an assembly headed by Senator Claro M. Recto, mandated by the Tydings-McDuffie Act. It reflected aspirations for self-governance and American influence, divided government power, enshrined fundamental rights, and gave the President significant power. Amended in 1940 to allow Quezon to run for another term. Reverted to this version after WWII.

Manuel Quezon

Led the 1933 mission that secured the Tydings-McDuffie Act. Headed the Nacionalista Party. As president, he consolidated political power through patronage politics. He schemed to amend the 1935 Constitution to run for another term. He campaigned on a social justice program. He was appointed Field Marshall under the National Defense Act. Attributed a quote about government run by Filipinos. Led President Quezon’s Own Guerrillas. Attributed a quote to Laurel about collaboration.

Patronage Politics

A method used by Quezon to consolidate political power, involving keeping local officials happy by actions like creating new cities and supporting tax exemptions, securing their support against rivals.

Social justice program

Campaigned for by Quezon in the 1935 elections, aiming to introduce welfare measures like the eight-hour day, minimum wage, and expanded workers' rights. It did not succeed in breaking up landed estates due to landlord opposition, preserving exploitative relationships. It did not materialize even after independence.

Partido Sakdalista

Led by Benigno Ramos, this party espoused anti-imperialist/anti-American sentiments and was a staunch critic of Quezon. Members staged an uprising in Laguna which was suppressed by the Philippine Constabulary in the Cabuyao Massacre.

Cabuyao Massacre

An event where members of the Partido Sakdalista who staged an uprising in Laguna were killed by the Philippine Constabulary.

Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere

A policy unveiled by Japan in 1940 aimed at creating economic, military, and cultural unity among East Asian and Asia-Pacific nations under Japanese leadership, promoting the expulsion of Western colonizers and promising peace, harmony, and prosperity.

National Defense Act

The Commonwealth's first legislation, allotting P16 million annually for the creation, maintenance, and training of armed forces, with MacArthur appointed Field Marshall. It mandated training for able-bodied men (21-50) for the reserve force and integrated military education in schools.

Douglas MacArthur

Appointed Field Marshall of the Philippine Army under the National Defense Act. He reformulated War Plan Orange to include the defense of the entire archipelago. He returned to the Philippines via Leyte on October 20, 1944, with Osmeña, beginning the liberation campaign. He officially proclaimed the liberation from the Japanese on July 4, 1945.

War Plan Orange

A defense plan formulated for the Philippines in case of Japanese invasion, initially calling for the defense of Luzon. Reformulated by MacArthur. This called for USAFFE withdrawal into the Bataan Peninsula.

United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)

The defending forces in the Philippines during the Japanese invasion, forced to implement War Plan Orange 3 and withdraw into the Bataan Peninsula. They suffered from disease and starvation before surrendering Bataan on April 9, 1942, and Corregidor on May 6, 1942. Some uncaptured soldiers formed resistance groups.

Bataan Death March

A brutal atrocity during the Japanese occupation where USAFFE soldiers were forced to walk for more than 100 kilometers from Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in Capas, Tarlac, resulting in the death of around 18,000 soldiers.

Comfort Women

Women and girls from occupied territories, including the Philippines, who were forced into sexual slavery for Japanese soldiers during WWII; estimates suggest as many as 100,000 women across Asia were subjected to violence, abuse, and suffering.

Imperial Japanese Army

Committed widespread atrocities during the occupation of the Philippines. Counter-offensives were planned against them. They fled to the mountains upon the Americans' return. Over 16,000 soldiers perished in Intramuros alone during the Battle of Manila. Commanded by Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita upon surrendering.

Kapisanan ng Paglilingkodsa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)

The only political party allowed to exist during the Japanese occupation; it was Japanese-backed and advocated Philippine independence through Japanese guidance.

Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic

Formally inaugurated on October 14, 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as president. It was officially dissolved by Laurel in Tokyo in August 1945.

Jose P. Laurel

President of the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic. Participated in the Greater East Asia Conference in Tokyo. Officially dissolved the Second Philippine Republic in Tokyo in August 1945. He is cited as an example of political collaboration.

Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino (MAKAPILI)

A group of Filipinos who actively participated with the Japanese military, cited as an example of Military Collaboration.

Guerrilla organizations

Resistance groups established across the archipelago during the Japanese occupation, providing intelligence for the liberation campaign.

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (Hukbalahap)

A guerrilla group in Pampanga during the Japanese occupation, listed as one of the independent guerrilla commands in Luzon.

Battle of Manila

Occurred in February 1945 when American forces reached Manila. Japanese forces retreated to Intramuros, set parts of the city on fire, and committed mass murders against civilians (Manila Massacre). The city was air bombed by Americans. Manila was officially liberated on March 4, 1945, after fierce urban battle, becoming one of the most destroyed capitals of the war.

Manila Massacre

An episode during the Battle of Manila where Japanese forces set parts of the city on fire and committed mass murders against civilians.

US President Harry Truman

Authorized the detonation of two atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945, which led to Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945.

Private armies

Groups that proliferated in the immediate years after the end of World War II.

Cacique Democracy

A condition in the post-war Philippines where the war weakened the control of the presidency over local politicians, paving the way for the rise of powerful local figures who controlled resources and patronage, allowing them to influence elections.

Cold War

The open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts with limited recourse to weapons. It served as a foundation for neocolonialism in the Philippines.

Neocolonialism

An overt expression of the dominance of one state over another (particularly a newly independent state over its former colonial masters), often expressed through agreements and treaties that allow for indirect control. Its foundations were laid in the immediate post-war conditions and the brewing Cold War in the Philippines.

Bell Trade Act

An act that forced the Philippines to remain economically dependent on the United States by extending Free Trade, tying the Peso to the Dollar (2:1), and giving Americans parity rights for natural resource exploitation. Concessions were later reduced by the Laurel-Langley Agreement.

Parity rights

Rights given to Americans by the Bell Trade Act allowing them exploitation of the Philippines' natural resources.

Military Bases Agreement

An agreement institutionalized with the United States, part of the post-war neocolonial order in the Philippines.

Mutual Defense Treaty

An agreement institutionalized with the United States, part of the post-war neocolonial order in the Philippines.

Joint Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG)

A military advisory group created by the United States that effectively intervened and sponsored the Philippine Government's counterinsurgency campaign.

Psy-war

A tactic introduced by Edward Lansdale, a CIA operative, against the HUKS, involving fabricating 'aswang' attacks on dead bodies to instill fear.

Edward Lansdale

A close associate of Ramon Magsaysay and a leading CIA operative in the Philippines who introduced the 'aswang' psy-war tactic against the HUKS.

HUK rebellion

Spread across Central Luzon provinces in response to the Government's violent repression and the disqualification of Democratic Alliance candidates. RA 1400 was enacted as a response to this rebellion. (Likely refers to or is related to the Hukbalahap).

Democratic Alliance

A party whose winning candidates were disqualified in Congress, contributing to the HUK rebellion.

Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954

An agrarian reform program enacted into law as a response to the HUK rebellion.

Agricultural Land Reform

An agrarian reform program aimed to transform many tenant farmers into land owners.

Economic Nationalism

Programs adopted by the country’s top economic policy makers to protect the fledgling economy and make it economically independent, including Carlos Garcia’s Filipino First Policy.

Laurel-Langley Agreement

An agreement that slowly reduced the concessions given to Americans in the Bell Trade Act.

Cronyism

A condition present in the decades after independence. Under Martial Law, it involved the use of government power to grant extraordinary privileges to Marcos' close associates, allowing them to amass enormous economic power.

Martial Law

Imposed by Marcos, it was described as a strategy to silence his critics and the opposition. It led to an enlarged military involved in counterinsurgency and human rights violations. Economic policies under this period were characterized by debt-driven growth and crony capitalism.

GOLDEN YEARS

A description often used for the period of Marcos rule (1972-1980) referencing GDP growth. Sources note this growth was unremarkable compared to the region and unsustainable, leading to recession.