Richard and John key dates and knowledge
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104 Terms
What was the feudal system?
How society was organised in the middle ages and how power was spread across different groups of people. King-Nobility-Knights-Peasants
What was homage?
The ceremony where a vassal pledged reverence and submission to his feudal lord
What was labour service?
the work expected of a peasant on his lord’s land
What was knight service?
the military service owed to a feudal lord by a knight in return for land
What was forfeiture?
the loss of right, money or land/property as a result of criminal acts or failure to perform a duty
What was the role ad influence of the Church?
It provided education, helped the poor and the sick. It had more power than the state, the king and the church were almost synonymous in the medieval era
What was the wealth of the Church?
The Church owned 20% of England
What was the political power of the Church?
The church had the power to tax and its laws had to be obeyed. Church leaders helped govern the country alongside the king
What was the structure of the Church?
the Pope was the head of the church, then the cardinals who were advisers to the Pope and administrators of the Church. Then the bishops and archbishops who were superiors over a cathedral or region, then the priests who were authorities over village or town churches
What was the nature and duties of Kingship?
The King had to control the kingdom, keep it safe from attack and administer justice. He was given authority by God, they passed laws, gave legal judgement around the country and led armies into battle
What were the rights and rituals of the King?
They had the ‘divine right of kings’. They had absolute power as Gods representative on Earth
What was Richards claim the the throne?
After Henry ii died, he was the oldest surviving son
How did Richard secure his power?
A combination of military victories, strategic alliances and suppression of rebellions
How did Prince Arthur die?
He was murdered by John
How did people react to Prince Arthur’s murder?
They lost faith in John and he lost lots of support from barons
What was John’s character like?
he was petty and weak as a king, lost lots of money, land and support over his rule
What was John’s role in the royal government?
He was a prince then a king who was interested in law and government
What’s a justiciar?
an administrator of justice
Who were justiciar’s while Richard was off Crusading?
Hubert Walter and William Longchamp
How did Richard finance the Crusades?
taxation, selling land and titles and borrowing money from wealthy people and institutions
How was revenue collected by sheriffs?
They had to collect a fixed amount and could keep any extra money for themselves. If someone couldn’t pay they would take belongings and valuables or property.
What were the role of sheriffs?
officials who collected taxes and managed the kings castle
What was the royal demesne?
land, forest and towns owned by the King
What was scutage?
money paid in return for not having to fight
What were reliefs?
money paid to an overlord by the heir of a deceased vassal
How did John exploit his financial rights?
he demanded 11 scutages in 6 years from the barons, he created the thirteenth which was a tax on 1/13 of everything a person had
What was the new income tax of 1207?
The thirteenth. Everyone was taxed 1/13 of their income
What was the role of towns in the economy?
They were centres for trade, producing many goods and services for commoners. Often tolls on purchases and sales, roads and bridges, importation and exportation. There was rent for stalls, especially on Sunday markets.
How was life in towns?
trade centres with many available jobs (blacksmiths, bakers, carpenters, tailors). women could work as shopkeepers, cloth sellers or running pubs. Often unhygienic, loud and smelly
When did towns prosper?
After 1200 when the economy and trade grew and became very popular, creating jobs and opportunities for peasants
How were towns organised?
Towns were formed with a charter, saying the town was free from control from a lord. The town had a law court and had to self-govern. The charters were usually exchanged for a large sum of money.
What were the customs of towns?
Some towns had annual fairs in which celebration and activities such as archery, skittles and bowling and mead was drunk. Afterwards trading occurred including the trade of luxuries such as wine and silks. The town had to pay for a license from the king to hold a fair.
What was crusading?
Wars fought to retake control of the holy land, Jerusalem
Who was in the English crusading army?
conscripted men from barons lands, mercenaries, knights, cavalry, infantry and archers/crossbowmen
Why did people go on Crusade?
the 4 R’s: respect, religion, reward and revenge
What happened during the launch of the third crusade?
Frederick I of Germany died by drowning whilst crossing a river
Why was crusading important for a king?
religious devotion, personal glory and to gain respect from their people
What were Richards motives for the third crusade?
religious devotion, personal glory and his great grandfather had been the King on Jerusalem from 1134-1142
What was Richards quarrel with Phillip II?
They couldn’t decide who would set off for crusade first and how the rewards would be split
Why was Acre important as a key port?
Its harbour was one of the main gates into Jerusalem
How did Richard defeat Saladin?
He ordered his crusaders to march close to the seashore, their right flank protected by the sea and by their fleet. This was particularly effective because Saladin’s fleet had already been captured at Acre therefore there was no danger of an attack by sea. He made a defensive wall around the knights, Richard gave the job of protecting them to spear men and archers who were trained to draw a defensive screen and this forced Turks to stay out of range. He also set up a tactic of rotation, dividing his foot soldiers into two groups who then took it in turns to protect their left flank. He had tight control of his troops and making sure none of his crusaders broke rank to give chase to Saladin. Richard was relatively successful in combating problems of exhaustion and heatstroke amongst his men- he made sure his men were well supplied by having his fleet close at all times and this also provided rest for soldiers who were sick or exhausted. A series of charges led by Richard and William des Barres were the eventual cause of Saladin’s withdrawal.
What was the battle of Arsuf?
On the morning of 7th Sept he ordered his force of 30,000 men to attack the crusaders as they emerged from the wooded hills and sent a rain of arrow. This meant that the crusaders lost horses at an alarming rate and struggled in the intense heat. Richard emerged victorious at the battle showing decisive leadership with the control and use of his knights. A series of charges led by Richard and William des Barres were the eventual cause of Saladin’s withdrawal
Why did Richard fail to recapture Jerusalem?
Richard believed the supply line back to Jaffa, lack of water and Jerusalem’s formidable defences made it unlikely an attack would be successful but the remaining French wanted to continue to Jerusalem. Richard decided to turn back.
Richard has been criticised for this decision as Saladin was in difficulties and it is now believed the city could have been retaken.
Richard pursued Ascalon rather than the holy city and this meant he left Ramla with a smaller army
What was the truce with Saladin?
The treaty of Jaffa. The terms were that the Muslims would retain Jerusalem, Christians kept the coastlines between Acre and Jaffa and could visit Jerusalem safely on pilgrimage and there would be no more fighting for 3 years
When did Richard leave Jerusalem?
1192
Who captured Richard?
Leopold, Duke of Austria, whom Richard had insulted on the Crusade, and the German Emperor Henry VI, whose rival Richard had supported in a power struggle
How did Richards ransom burden England?
England had already paid lots of taxes to fund the Crusade and there was a further tax of 25% of all income and goods. It took 6 months to collect and left the English population very poor
How much was the ransom?
£60,000
How much was the tax on income due to the price of Richards ransom?
25%
What were the competing aims of Richard and Phillip?
Phillip wanted to dominate France but Richard wanted to defend his french territories and take back the land John lost whilst he was captured
When was there intermittent warfare between Richard and Phillip?
1194-99
What was Chateau Gaillard, why was it important?
It was in a strategic position on the Seine, protecting the approach to Rouen, Normandy’s capital. It was a huge military castle
How much did Chateau Gaillard cost to build?
£12,000
When did Chateau Gaillard fall to Phillip?
1204
When did John lose Normandy?
1204
Why did John lose Normandy?
He returned to England, making the English forces in Normandy believe he’d abandoned them. He took too long in England and without backup and resources, Chateau Gaillard fell to Phillip. He was easily able to take the rest of the land from John.
Who was William de Braose?
A baron that had previously been favoured by John. He owed him money and John forced him into exile. His son and wife were starved to death after being captured by John’s forces