AP Statistics - Chapter 4 Review

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Why is a Simple Random Survey a good survey?

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49 Terms

1

Why is a Simple Random Survey a good survey?

It is random

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2

What are some bad sampling methods and why?

Personal choice. Convenience Survey and Voluntary Surveys

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3

What are the forms of bias in sample surveys (give their definitions too)?

Undercoverage: When certain members of the population are unaccounted for or are less likely to be included in the sample.

Nonresponse: When an individual is picked as part of a sample but chooses not to be included.

Response Bias: Pattern of inaccurate responses due to the wording of a question.

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4

What is the difference between Sample and Sampling?

Sample: Includes people/things you select from the population.

Sampling: Method of selecting samples.

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5

What is a Simple Random Sample?

A good sampling method where every group is equally likely to be chosen. USE HAT METHOD

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6

What is a population?

Entire group of individuals we want information about.

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7

What is a convenience sample?

Sampling individuals that are easy to reach. BAD SAMPLE BECAUSE THEY INVOLVE PERSONAL CHOICE

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8

What is a voluntary response sample?

People choose to be in the sample. BAD SAMPLING METHOD

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9

What is a block?

Group of experimental units that are known to be similar.

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10

What is a random block design?

Separate subjects into blocks then randomly assign to treatments within each block.

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11

What is a matched pairs design?

Experiment to compare two treatments that uses blocks of size 2. Very similar experimental units are pairs then randomly assigned to a treatment. OR giving each subject the same treatment in a different order.

EX: Two highest students are grouped together and each one is separated into different treatments.

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12

What is a “Modified” Matched Pairs?

Each subject received both treatments but in a different order.

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13

What is the difference between Block and Stratified?

Block is meant for experiments
Stratified is sampling, how we pick people.

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14

What is a parameter?

Number that describes some characteristic of a population.

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15

What is a RANDOM SAMPLE?

Sampling method that involves using chance to determine which member of a population are included.

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16

What is a census?

Collects data from every individual in the population.

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17

What is a statistic?

Number that describes characteristics of a sample.

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18

What is bias?

If something is very likely to under or overestimate a value in a statistical study.

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19

What is an observational study?

A study that observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not influence the responses.

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20

What is confounding?

When two variables are similar in a way that their effects on a response cannot be distinguished from one another.

EX: Two very smart people

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21

What is a treatment?

A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment.

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22

What is a control group?

Group used to serve as a baseline for comparison. Treatment group that gets no treatment.

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23

What is an experiment?

Measures an outcome of a study.

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24

What is an experimental unit?

Where a treatment is randomly assigned to an experiment. Humans are called subjects.

EX: Waxed boxes and plastic boxes are experimental units that will be tested under different temperatures

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25

What is a placebo effect?

Some subjects will respond favorably to any treatment.

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26

what is a placebo?

A treatment has no active ingredient but is like other treatments.

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27

What is a factor?

An explanatory variable that is manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable.

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28

What is double-blind?

If neither the subjects or those who interact with them know which treatment a subject is getting.

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29

How do you use a random number table in an SRS?

Label all the people in the population, look at the table and select the amount of people being sampled (EX: 10 people from a population of 100). From there, say that a random number from 001-100 will be chosen 10 times.

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30

When you’re asked how to avoid bias what do you always say?

Take a simple random sample from the population.

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31

What is a stratified random sample?

Splits population into groups (strata’s) and chooses an SRS from each group. Strata is based on some variable that is known or suspected to alter the results.

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32

What is a cluster sample?

Splits population intro groups based on location (clusters). Sample includes every individual in each selected cluster. They are used for efficiency.

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33

What is systematic sampling?

Selects members from a larger population from a list. A random starting point is chosen and then you select every n’th member for your study.

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34

What is a control?

Overall effort to minimize variability and confounding between variables.

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35

What does statistically significant mean?

When the observed differences in the results of an experiment are so large that it is unlikely they occurred by chance.

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36

To make an inference about a population it has to be __________

random selection

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37

To make an inference about cause-and-effect it has to be an experiment with _____

random assignment

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38

Write out that box with the yes’s and no’s

Random Assignment W/ groups
Yes no
Yes Inference to Inference to population=yes

cause and effect cause and effect = no
yes

No Inference to
population=no

cause and effect cause and effect = no
yes

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39

What is a major principle of good design for all experiements?

Comparison to a control, replication, randomization.

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40

When can you make an inference about cause and effect?

When individuals were randomly assigned to groups.

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41

If the probability is ABOVE 5% what do you say? BELOW 5?

This experiment is NOT statistically significant because the probability of _______ exceeds the 5% threshold. Therefore, this is likely to occur by chance.

This experiment is statistically significant because the probability of ____ is less than the 5% threshold. Therefore, these results are unlikely to occur by chance alone.

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42

When can you make an inference about a population?

When you have random selection.

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43

When can you ONLY use Statistically significant?

ONLY if it is an experiment, NOT an observational study.

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44

When mentioning any sort of Bias, you need to mention that it will ______

overestimate/underestimate

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45

What is the benefit to using a representative sample of the target population?

Using a representative sample from the target population can cause inferences to be make which can be relayed back to the population.

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46

When using the hat method for a randomized experiment, be sure to say __________

without replacement

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47

What does NOT statistically significant mean?

The results were no better than what could be expected by chance through random assignment of the treatments.

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48

What is the advantage to using a randomized block design over a completely randomized design?

Usually, a random block design takes into account hidden variables.

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49

What is blocking?

When you separate subjects into groups and then assign the treatment there to reduce confounding.

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