KINS 4510 Exam 1

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 232

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

233 Terms

1

List the 5 major types of ergogenic aids

New cards
2

Which of the following organizations regulates the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports? A. FDA B. WADA C. CDC D. NIH

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is responsible for regulating the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports, ensuring fair competition and athlete health.

New cards
3

Why might a pair of shoes be banned as an ergogenic aid

They may provide an unfair advantage in performance, altering the natural biomechanics of running or jumping.

New cards
4

What is the primary function of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) when used as an ergogenic aid? A. increased aerobic endurance B. promote muscle growth and enhance recovery C. enhance oxygen transport D. reduce cortisol levels

B. Promote muscle growth and enhance recovery

New cards
5

Which of the following is an intermediate between DHEA and testosterone/estradiol? A. cholesterol B. androstenedione C. estrogen D. fluoxymesterone

B. androstenedione

New cards
6

Which practice involves gradually increasing steroid dosage and then tapering off? A. cycling B. stacking C. pyramiding D. loading

C. pyramiding

New cards
7

Why might long-term use of exogenous testosterone lead to testicular atrophy? A. increased exogenous androgens inhibits luteinizing hormone (LH), reducing endogenous testosteron production B. testosterone directly inhibtis sperm production, leading to cellular apoptosis in Leydig cells C. exogenous testosterone increases prolactin secretion, which suppresses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) D. chronic testosteron exposure leads to fibrosis of seminiferous tubules

A. Increased exogenous androgens inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH), reducing endogenous testosterone production.

New cards
8

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic modulator used as a pharmacologic agent for ergogenic efforts A. aromatase agonist B. anti-estrogen C. PPAR agonist D. AMPK activator

A. aromatase agonist

New cards
9

True or false: steroid hormones are lipophilic and require a carrying protein to be transported through the blood

true

New cards
10

What is a potentially unwanted outcome associated with anabolic steroid use in women? A. increased estrogen production B. reduced bone density C. virilization D. increased testosterone suppression

New cards
11

Which of the following best explains why anabolic steroid use can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy? A. increased cardiac output and stroke volume due to enhanced oxygen transport B. direct androgen receptor stimulation in cardiac myocytes leading to structural remodeling C. decreased vascular resistance, forcing the heart to compensate D. increased blood volume leads to chronic hypoxia, triggering cardiac remodeling

New cards
12

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of anabolic steroid abuse? A. gynecomastia B. increased tendon strength C. liver toxicity D. cardiovascular disease

New cards
13

Which of the following statements best explains the mechanism by which anabolic steroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle? A. they enhance mTOR activation by increasing leucine availability B. they stimulate androgen receptors in muscle cells, increasing gene transcription for anabolic processes C. they increase cortisol suppression, reducing muscle breakdown D. they enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing ATP availability for protein synthesis

New cards
14

Which pathway does leucine stimulate to enhance muscle hypertrophy? A. AMPK B. mTOR C. PPAR D. GLUT-4

mTOR signaling pathway

New cards
15

Amphetamines enhance athletic performance by primarily affecting:

A. muscle hypertrophy

B. fat oxidation

C. the central nervous system (CNS)

D. insulin sensitivity

New cards
16

Which of the following is a major risk of amphetamine use in sport?

A. increased bone density

B. decreased heart rate

C. cardiovascular complications

D. increased glycogen storage

New cards
17

Blood doping improves endurance performance by:

A. increased blood lactate levels

B. enhancing oxygen-carrying capacity

C. increasing glycogen stores

D. improving fat metabolism

New cards
18

A major risk of EPO misuse is:

A. increased PC stores

B. pulmonary edema and stroke

C. decreased heart rate

D. increased testosterone production

New cards
19

Why might erthropoietin (EPO) increase the risk of sudden cardiac death in endurance athletes?

A. It accelerates myocardial metabolism, leading to chronic cardiac fatigue

B. it significantly increases red blood cell count, thickening blood viscosity and increasing clot risk

C. it suppresses normal cardiac output regulation, leading to erratic heart rhythm

D. it disruputs mitochondrial ATP production in cardiac cells

New cards
20

What is the primary function of creatine supplementation?

A. enhance aerobic endurance

B. increase muscle phosphocreatine stores

C. reduce fat oxidation

D. improve VO2 max

New cards
21

What is the primary function of creatine in skeletal muscle?

A. enhancing glycogen storage

B. increasing phosphocreatine availability for ATP resynthesis

C. stimulating testosterone production
D. increasing mitochondrial density

New cards
22

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which creatine supplementation enhances short-term high-intensity performance?

A. Increases glycogen breakdown to provide additional energy

B. Increases ATP resynthesis via the phosphocreatine (PCr) system

C. Enhances mitochondrial oxidative capacity

D. Upregulates fatty acid oxidation during exercise

New cards
23

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from creatine supplementation?

A. a marathon runner

B. a sprinter competing in 100m sprints

C. a long-distance cyclist

D. a recreational walker

New cards
24

What is the recommended maintenance dose of creatine supplementation?

A. 1-2 g/day

B. 3.5

C. 10-15

D. 20-25

New cards
25

Which factor has been shown to most enhance muscle creatine uptake when co-ingested with creatine monohydrate?

A. MCT only

B. protein

C. carbs only

D. carbs and MCT together

New cards
26

Which of the following statements regarding creatine supplementation and body composition is TRUE?

A. creatine supplementation directly increases fat mass

B. any weight gain from creatine is primarily due to increased muscle hydration and lean mass

C. creatine supplementation causes significant reductions in bdoy fat percentage

D. creatine supplementation leads to long-term dehydration

New cards
27

Which population group may experience the LEAST benefit from creatine supplementation?

A. powerlifters

B. untrained individuals performing a single 15 second sprint

C. soccer players engaging in high-intensity interval training

D. bodybuilders engaged in resistance training

New cards
28

What is the main reason combining creatin with caffeine may reduce its ergogenic effect?

A. caffeine blocks creatine uptake in muscle cells

B. caffeine increases glycogen breakdown, which competes with creatine metabolism

C. caffeine promotes dehydration, potentially reducing creatine’s water retention benefits

D. caffeine suppresses testosterone production, negating creatine’s muscle-building effects

New cards
29

Which of the following is a possible side effect of creatine supplementation in individuals with preexisting kidney disease?

A. increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels

B. Reduced muscle mass over time

C. suppressed immune function

D. increased fat storage

New cards
30

What is a major reason why some people are considered “non-responders” to creatine supplementation?

A. they excrete creatine too quickly through urine

B. they naturally have hgih intramuscular creatine stores

C. their muscle fibers lack creatine transporters

D. they have higher testosterone levels that interfere with creatine absorption

New cards
31

Bicarbonate loading is used to buffer:

A. glycogen stores

B. muscle acidity (H+ ions)

C. fatty acid oxidation

D. oxygen transport

New cards
32

which potential future ergogenic aid involves genetic modification?

A. stem cell therapy

B. blood doping

C. CRISPR gene doping

D. mTOR inhibitors

New cards
33
New cards
34

__________ represents the basic unit of carbohydrates. A) Gluconeogenesis B) Monosaccharide C) Disaccharide D) Starch

New cards
35

Carbohydrates are classified as all of the following except: A) gluconeogenesis. B) monosaccharides. C) oligosaccharides. D) polysaccharides.

New cards
36

. All disaccharides contain __________. A) fructose B) sucrose C) starch D) glucose

New cards
37

Lactose exists in natural form only in __________. A) honey B) cane sugar C) milk D) beer

New cards
38

The term “complex carbohydrate” describes dietary __________. A) starch B) fiber C) sugar D) glucagon

New cards
39

Type 2 diabetes results when the __________ cannot produce sufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose. A) kidneys B) liver C) gallbladder D) pancreas

New cards
40

The body’s upper limit for glycogen storage averages about __________. A) 15 g ·kg−1 of body mass B) 1050 g regardless of body mass C) 8 to 10 g ·kg−1 of body mass D) 840 g regardless of body mass

New cards
41

During strenuous exercise, all of the following activate glycogen phosphorylase to facilitate glycogenolysis except: A) increased epinephrine output. B) increased insulin release. C) increased norepinephrine output. D) increased glucagon release

New cards
42

__________ supplies almost all of the energy in the transition from rest to moderate exercise. A) Fat B) Glycogen C) Protein D) Muscle fiber

New cards
43

From a health perspective, no more than __________ of total daily energy intake should be from saturated fat. A) 2% B) 5% C) 10% D) 15%

New cards
44

__________ provide the major avenue for transporting lipids in the blood. A) Glycolipids B) Lipoproteins C) Phospholipids D) Compound lipids

New cards
45

This lipoprotein has the greatest percentage of protein, but the lowest lipid and cholesterol content of all the lipoproteins. A) Chylomicron B) VLDL C) LDL D) HDL

New cards
46

Aerobic training is associated with an increased capacity to oxidize fatty acids during mildto moderate-intensity exercise due to all of the following adaptations except: A) increased size and number of mitochondria. B) increased fatty acid transport within the muscle cell. C) decreased proliferation of capillaries in trained muscles. D) facilitated fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue

New cards
47

Phospholipids have all of the following functions except: A) interacting with both water and lipid to modulate fluid movement across cell membranes. B) maintaining the structural integrity of the cell. C) playing an important role in blood clotting. D) providing structural integrity to the insulating sheath that surrounds muscle fibers

New cards
48

Cholesterol participates in all of the following bodily functions except: A) furnishing a key component for bile synthesis. B) serving as a precursor in synthesizing vitamin C. C) building plasma membranes. D) playing a crucial role in forming tissues during fetal development.

New cards
49

Which of the following is not a major source of body protein? A) Blood plasma B) Oxygen in the lungs C) Muscle D) Visceral tissue

New cards
50

Components of carbohydrate catabolism serve as “primer” substrate for what kind of oxidation? A) Fat B) Protein C) Glucose D) ATP

New cards
51

On average, the recommended daily intake for protein is: A) 1.0 g · kg−1 of body mass. B) 20 g regardless of body mass. C) 0.83 g · kg−1 of body mass. D) 15 g regardless of body mass.

New cards
52

True or false? Gluconeogenesis, the body’s process for making new sugar, occurs primarily in the pancreas. A) True B) False

New cards
53

True or false? Starches with a relatively large amount of amylose digest and absorb rapidly. A) True B) False

New cards
54

True or false? The depletion of liver and muscle glycogen by dietary restriction can stimulate glucose synthesis. A) True B) False

New cards
55

True or false? Depending on age, a typical diet should contain between 20 and 40 g of fiber. A) True B) False

New cards
56

True or false? Plants are the primary source of carbohydrates in the diet. A) True B) False

New cards
57

True or false? An unsaturated fatty acid contains only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. A) True B) False

New cards
58

True or false? Cholesterol exists only in animal tissue. A) True B) False

New cards
59

True or false? Incomplete proteins come from foods that contain all of the essential amino acids in the quantity and correct ratio to maintain nitrogen balance and to allow tissue growth and repair. A) True B) False

New cards
60

True or false? Proteins differ chemically from lipids and carbohydrates because they contain nitrogen in addition to sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. A) True B) False

New cards
61

True or false? Only animal cells contain protein. A) True B) False

New cards
62

True or false? Muscle mass increases simply by eating high-protein foods. A) True B) False

New cards
63
New cards
64
New cards
65
New cards
66
New cards
67
New cards
68
New cards
69
New cards
70
New cards
71
New cards
72
New cards
73
New cards
74
New cards
75
New cards
76
New cards
77
New cards
78
New cards
79
New cards
80
New cards
81
New cards
82
New cards
83
New cards
84
New cards
85
New cards
86
New cards
87
New cards
88
New cards
89
New cards
90
New cards
91
New cards
92
New cards
93
New cards
94
New cards
95
New cards
96
New cards
97
New cards
98
New cards
99
New cards
100
New cards
robot