KINS 4510 Exam 1

List the 5 major types of ergogenic aids

Which of the following organizations regulates the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports? A. FDA B. WADA C. CDC D. NIH

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is responsible for regulating the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports, ensuring fair competition and athlete health.

Why might a pair of shoes be banned as an ergogenic aid

They may provide an unfair advantage in performance, altering the natural biomechanics of running or jumping.

What is the primary function of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) when used as an ergogenic aid? A. increased aerobic endurance B. promote muscle growth and enhance recovery C. enhance oxygen transport D. reduce cortisol levels

B. Promote muscle growth and enhance recovery

Which of the following is an intermediate between DHEA and testosterone/estradiol? A. cholesterol B. androstenedione C. estrogen D. fluoxymesterone

B. androstenedione

Which practice involves gradually increasing steroid dosage and then tapering off? A. cycling B. stacking C. pyramiding D. loading

C. pyramiding

Why might long-term use of exogenous testosterone lead to testicular atrophy? A. increased exogenous androgens inhibits luteinizing hormone (LH), reducing endogenous testosteron production B. testosterone directly inhibtis sperm production, leading to cellular apoptosis in Leydig cells C. exogenous testosterone increases prolactin secretion, which suppresses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) D. chronic testosteron exposure leads to fibrosis of seminiferous tubules

A. Increased exogenous androgens inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH), reducing endogenous testosterone production.

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic modulator used as a pharmacologic agent for ergogenic efforts A. aromatase agonist B. anti-estrogen C. PPAR agonist D. AMPK activator

A. aromatase agonist

True or false: steroid hormones are lipophilic and require a carrying protein to be transported through the blood

true

What is a potentially unwanted outcome associated with anabolic steroid use in women? A. increased estrogen production B. reduced bone density C. virilization D. increased testosterone suppression

Which of the following best explains why anabolic steroid use can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy? A. increased cardiac output and stroke volume due to enhanced oxygen transport B. direct androgen receptor stimulation in cardiac myocytes leading to structural remodeling C. decreased vascular resistance, forcing the heart to compensate D. increased blood volume leads to chronic hypoxia, triggering cardiac remodeling

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of anabolic steroid abuse? A. gynecomastia B. increased tendon strength C. liver toxicity D. cardiovascular disease

Which of the following statements best explains the mechanism by which anabolic steroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle? A. they enhance mTOR activation by increasing leucine availability B. they stimulate androgen receptors in muscle cells, increasing gene transcription for anabolic processes C. they increase cortisol suppression, reducing muscle breakdown D. they enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing ATP availability for protein synthesis

Which pathway does leucine stimulate to enhance muscle hypertrophy? A. AMPK B. mTOR C. PPAR D. GLUT-4

mTOR signaling pathway

Amphetamines enhance athletic performance by primarily affecting:

A. muscle hypertrophy

B. fat oxidation

C. the central nervous system (CNS)

D. insulin sensitivity

Which of the following is a major risk of amphetamine use in sport?

A. increased bone density

B. decreased heart rate

C. cardiovascular complications

D. increased glycogen storage

Blood doping improves endurance performance by:

A. increased blood lactate levels

B. enhancing oxygen-carrying capacity

C. increasing glycogen stores

D. improving fat metabolism

A major risk of EPO misuse is:

A. increased PC stores

B. pulmonary edema and stroke

C. decreased heart rate

D. increased testosterone production

Why might erthropoietin (EPO) increase the risk of sudden cardiac death in endurance athletes?

A. It accelerates myocardial metabolism, leading to chronic cardiac fatigue

B. it significantly increases red blood cell count, thickening blood viscosity and increasing clot risk

C. it suppresses normal cardiac output regulation, leading to erratic heart rhythm

D. it disruputs mitochondrial ATP production in cardiac cells

What is the primary function of creatine supplementation?

A. enhance aerobic endurance

B. increase muscle phosphocreatine stores

C. reduce fat oxidation

D. improve VO2 max

What is the primary function of creatine in skeletal muscle?

A. enhancing glycogen storage

B. increasing phosphocreatine availability for ATP resynthesis

C. stimulating testosterone production
D. increasing mitochondrial density

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which creatine supplementation enhances short-term high-intensity performance?

A. Increases glycogen breakdown to provide additional energy

B. Increases ATP resynthesis via the phosphocreatine (PCr) system

C. Enhances mitochondrial oxidative capacity

D. Upregulates fatty acid oxidation during exercise

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from creatine supplementation?

A. a marathon runner

B. a sprinter competing in 100m sprints

C. a long-distance cyclist

D. a recreational walker

What is the recommended maintenance dose of creatine supplementation?

A. 1-2 g/day

B. 3.5

C. 10-15

D. 20-25

Which factor has been shown to most enhance muscle creatine uptake when co-ingested with creatine monohydrate?

A. MCT only

B. protein

C. carbs only

D. carbs and MCT together

Which of the following statements regarding creatine supplementation and body composition is TRUE?

A. creatine supplementation directly increases fat mass

B. any weight gain from creatine is primarily due to increased muscle hydration and lean mass

C. creatine supplementation causes significant reductions in bdoy fat percentage

D. creatine supplementation leads to long-term dehydration

Which population group may experience the LEAST benefit from creatine supplementation?

A. powerlifters

B. untrained individuals performing a single 15 second sprint

C. soccer players engaging in high-intensity interval training

D. bodybuilders engaged in resistance training

What is the main reason combining creatin with caffeine may reduce its ergogenic effect?

A. caffeine blocks creatine uptake in muscle cells

B. caffeine increases glycogen breakdown, which competes with creatine metabolism

C. caffeine promotes dehydration, potentially reducing creatine’s water retention benefits

D. caffeine suppresses testosterone production, negating creatine’s muscle-building effects

Which of the following is a possible side effect of creatine supplementation in individuals with preexisting kidney disease?

A. increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels

B. Reduced muscle mass over time

C. suppressed immune function

D. increased fat storage

What is a major reason why some people are considered “non-responders” to creatine supplementation?

A. they excrete creatine too quickly through urine

B. they naturally have hgih intramuscular creatine stores

C. their muscle fibers lack creatine transporters

D. they have higher testosterone levels that interfere with creatine absorption

Bicarbonate loading is used to buffer:

A. glycogen stores

B. muscle acidity (H+ ions)

C. fatty acid oxidation

D. oxygen transport

which potential future ergogenic aid involves genetic modification?

A. stem cell therapy

B. blood doping

C. CRISPR gene doping

D. mTOR inhibitors

__________ represents the basic unit of carbohydrates. A) Gluconeogenesis B) Monosaccharide C) Disaccharide D) Starch

Carbohydrates are classified as all of the following except: A) gluconeogenesis. B) monosaccharides. C) oligosaccharides. D) polysaccharides.

. All disaccharides contain __________. A) fructose B) sucrose C) starch D) glucose

Lactose exists in natural form only in __________. A) honey B) cane sugar C) milk D) beer

The term “complex carbohydrate” describes dietary __________. A) starch B) fiber C) sugar D) glucagon

Type 2 diabetes results when the __________ cannot produce sufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose. A) kidneys B) liver C) gallbladder D) pancreas

The body’s upper limit for glycogen storage averages about __________. A) 15 g ·kg−1 of body mass B) 1050 g regardless of body mass C) 8 to 10 g ·kg−1 of body mass D) 840 g regardless of body mass

During strenuous exercise, all of the following activate glycogen phosphorylase to facilitate glycogenolysis except: A) increased epinephrine output. B) increased insulin release. C) increased norepinephrine output. D) increased glucagon release

__________ supplies almost all of the energy in the transition from rest to moderate exercise. A) Fat B) Glycogen C) Protein D) Muscle fiber

From a health perspective, no more than __________ of total daily energy intake should be from saturated fat. A) 2% B) 5% C) 10% D) 15%

__________ provide the major avenue for transporting lipids in the blood. A) Glycolipids B) Lipoproteins C) Phospholipids D) Compound lipids

This lipoprotein has the greatest percentage of protein, but the lowest lipid and cholesterol content of all the lipoproteins. A) Chylomicron B) VLDL C) LDL D) HDL

Aerobic training is associated with an increased capacity to oxidize fatty acids during mildto moderate-intensity exercise due to all of the following adaptations except: A) increased size and number of mitochondria. B) increased fatty acid transport within the muscle cell. C) decreased proliferation of capillaries in trained muscles. D) facilitated fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue

Phospholipids have all of the following functions except: A) interacting with both water and lipid to modulate fluid movement across cell membranes. B) maintaining the structural integrity of the cell. C) playing an important role in blood clotting. D) providing structural integrity to the insulating sheath that surrounds muscle fibers

Cholesterol participates in all of the following bodily functions except: A) furnishing a key component for bile synthesis. B) serving as a precursor in synthesizing vitamin C. C) building plasma membranes. D) playing a crucial role in forming tissues during fetal development.

Which of the following is not a major source of body protein? A) Blood plasma B) Oxygen in the lungs C) Muscle D) Visceral tissue

Components of carbohydrate catabolism serve as “primer” substrate for what kind of oxidation? A) Fat B) Protein C) Glucose D) ATP

On average, the recommended daily intake for protein is: A) 1.0 g · kg−1 of body mass. B) 20 g regardless of body mass. C) 0.83 g · kg−1 of body mass. D) 15 g regardless of body mass.

True or false? Gluconeogenesis, the body’s process for making new sugar, occurs primarily in the pancreas. A) True B) False

True or false? Starches with a relatively large amount of amylose digest and absorb rapidly. A) True B) False

True or false? The depletion of liver and muscle glycogen by dietary restriction can stimulate glucose synthesis. A) True B) False

True or false? Depending on age, a typical diet should contain between 20 and 40 g of fiber. A) True B) False

True or false? Plants are the primary source of carbohydrates in the diet. A) True B) False

True or false? An unsaturated fatty acid contains only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. A) True B) False

True or false? Cholesterol exists only in animal tissue. A) True B) False

True or false? Incomplete proteins come from foods that contain all of the essential amino acids in the quantity and correct ratio to maintain nitrogen balance and to allow tissue growth and repair. A) True B) False

True or false? Proteins differ chemically from lipids and carbohydrates because they contain nitrogen in addition to sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. A) True B) False

True or false? Only animal cells contain protein. A) True B) False

True or false? Muscle mass increases simply by eating high-protein foods. A) True B) False