HMS - 2.1 Body systems and movement
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71 Terms
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell production.
What is a joint?
The point where two or more bones meet.
What is a synovial joint?
A freely movable joint containing a synovial cavity and fluid.
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates the joint and reduces friction.
What is a hinge joint?
A joint allowing movement mainly in one plane, e.g. elbow and knee.
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
A joint allowing movement in multiple directions, e.g. shoulder and hip.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two bones.
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between two bones.
What is abduction?
Movement away from the body's midline.
What is adduction?
Movement towards the body's midline.
Muscular system
Front
Back
What are the main functions of skeletal muscle?
Produces movement, maintains posture and stabilises joints.
What is a muscle fibre?
A specialised muscle cell capable of contraction.
What are Type I muscle fibres?
Slow-twitch fibres; high fatigue resistance and suited to aerobic/endurance activities.
What are Type II muscle fibres?
Fast-twitch fibres; produce greater force and are suited to high-intensity activities.
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscle changes length while producing force.
What is a concentric contraction?
Muscle shortens while producing force.
What is an eccentric contraction?
Muscle lengthens while producing force.
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle produces force without changing length.
What are agonist and antagonist muscles?
The agonist is the prime mover; the antagonist opposes its movement.
Example of agonist/antagonist?
During elbow flexion, biceps = agonist; triceps = antagonist.
🟧 Biomechanics
Front
Back
What is biomechanics?
The study of forces and their effects on human movement.
What is motion?
A change in an object's position over time.
What is force?
A push or pull that can change movement.
What is balance?
The ability to maintain the body's centre of mass within its base of support.
What is stability?
The ability to resist changes to equilibrium.
How can stability be increased?
Increase base of support, lower centre of mass and keep the centre of mass within the base of support.
What is fluid mechanics?
The study of how forces act in fluids, including air and water.
How does fluid resistance affect movement?
It can oppose movement and reduce movement efficiency.
How can biomechanics improve performance?
By improving technique, reducing unnecessary forces and increasing movement efficiency.
How can biomechanics improve safety?
Correct technique can reduce excessive forces and injury risk.
🫁 Respiratory + circulatory systems
Front
Back
What is the role of the respiratory system?
Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.
What is gaseous exchange?
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood.
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs.
What is pulmonary circulation?
Blood travels heart → lungs → heart.
What is systemic circulation?
Blood travels heart → body → heart.
Why is oxygen important for movement?
It is required for aerobic ATP production.
What is heart rate?
Number of heartbeats per minute.
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat.
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cardiac output formula?
Heart rate × stroke volume.
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
It increases to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to working muscles.
What happens to ventilation rate?
It increases to bring in more oxygen and remove CO₂.
🍎 Digestive + endocrine systems
Front
Back
What is the role of the digestive system?
Breaks food down and absorbs nutrients required for energy and body function.
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients required in large amounts: carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals required in smaller quantities.
What is the role of carbohydrates?
Main source of glucose for ATP production during exercise.
What is the role of protein?
Supports growth, repair and maintenance of tissues.
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream.
What is insulin?
Hormone that helps cells take up glucose and reduces blood glucose levels.
What is adrenaline?
Hormone that increases cardiovascular activity and prepares the body for high-intensity activity/stress.
🧠 Nervous system
Front
Back
What is the role of the nervous system in movement?
Detects stimuli, processes information and sends signals to coordinate movement.
What is the CNS?
Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
What is the PNS?
Peripheral nervous system: nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.
What is a neuron?
A specialised cell that transmits electrical/chemical signals.
What is a motor neuron?
Carries signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
Why is the nervous system important for sport?
It coordinates reaction time, balance, coordination and motor control.
🚑 First aid
Front
Back
Why is first aid important?
It provides immediate care, reduces the severity of injury and can preserve life until professional help arrives.
What should first aid aim to do?
Preserve life, prevent deterioration and promote recovery.
What is the first priority in an emergency?
Ensure the environment is safe and assess the situation.