The Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle

cytokinesis

Complete cytoplasmic separation of the 2 new cells resulting from mitosis.

mitosis

The process of NUCLEAR division

interphase

Period of time where a cell carries out cell processes and replicates DNA prior to cell division

prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

telophase

new nuclei begin to reform, chromatids relax

chromatid

Each half of the chromosome

chromosome

condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information

centromere

attachment site of sister chromatids

cell cycle

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell; process of growth and division.

G1 phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell grows and carries out metabolic processes

G2 phase

interphase stage prepares to divide by copying organelles and producing proteins necessary for division

S phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell replicates DNA

stage of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides

mitosis

Cell spends the majority of its life in this stage

interphase

Checkpoints

stop to the cell cycle to check for DNA damage

Cancer

uncontrolled cell division

first stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes condense

prophase

second stage of mitosis, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes line up in middle

metaphase

third stage of mitosis, spindle fibers shorten pulling chromosomes apart

anaphase

fourth stage of mitosis, cells begin to form cleavage furrow (animal) or cell plate (plant) and divide

telophase

Cytokinesis

final stage of the cell cycle, cytoplasm of cells divides and move apart

Prophase diagram

Identify the stage using the diagram.

Metaphase diagram

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Anaphase diagram

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Telophase diagram

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Cytokinesis diagram

Identify the stage using the diagram.

Centriole

organelle of animal cell that aids in cell division

Spindle fiber

microtubule threads that emerge from centrioles, attach to chromosomes to pull them apart during mitosis

reasons for mitosis

divides cells that are too large, replaces damaged/dying cells, allows for growth

Cleavage furrow

a pinching of the cell membrane that begins to form in telophase

cell plate

method of plant cell division; formation of a new cell wall instead of cleavage furrow

Cyclins and Checkpoints

Regulation system for the cell cycle

Cyclins

Signal each stage of the cell cycle to begin

Carcinogens

cancer causing factors (tobacco, chemicals, UV radiation)

steps of mitosis

PMAT

steps of interphase

G1, S, G2

apoptosis

programmed cell death

end product of the cell cycle

2 identical daughter cells

chromatin

relaxed form of DNA, present during interphase

telomere

protective cap made of DNA that is found on the ends of a chromosome

nucleus

eukaryotic organelle that controls all cellular processes (location of DNA)