Climate Solutions sources

learn which facts are from which author

Rosten and Ainger

overall costs of climate change, overall solutions

Sevastopulo and White

tariffs; “maintenance of prior tariffs and imposition of additional tariffs ultimately make it harder for American companies to compete in the US and abroad.”

Geels et al

Socio-technical regimes and transitions

Geels et al.

3 levels: niche innovations, sociotechnical regimes, sociotechnical landscape

Geels et al.

Many actors in transitions

Geels et al.

German electricity transition

Nemet

Chinese solar revolution

Breetz et al.

Experience Curves: 3 stages

Breetz et al. 

4 types of policy: increase cost, subsidize cost, increase quantity, reduce quantity.

EMBER

World surpasses 40% clean power as renewables see record rise

EMBER

Demand increase driven by increased cooling bc of higher temps so more fossil fuels

Stokes

Texas clean energy process

Diamond and Poirer

Monte Belo Dam

Youtube Video “How do EVs work?”

EVs more efficient than ICE engines; battery is 40% of EVs values.

IEA Report Electric Vehicles

On track for net-zero; road transport accounts for 1/6 of global emissions, so decarbonizing it with EVs is key.

IEA Cars and Vans

Long-term trend of increasing vehicle size and power

IEA trucks and buses

need to decarbonize trucks and buses

Climate and Community Institute

Evs lead to new demand for metals like lithium which leads to expansion of mining which leads to social and environmental harms

Climate and Community Institute

The US can achieve 0 emissions transportation while limiting the amount of lithium mining necessary by reducing the car dependence of the transportation system, decreasing the size of EV batteries, and maximizing lithium recycling

Financial Times

Northvolt site in Sweden working on battery cells for EVs

Financial Times

Europe needs to decrease dependence on China for EVs and battery cells as a matter of security and sovreignty

Financial Times

European Battery Alliance created to make an “innovative and competitive ecosystem for batteries in Europe”

Financial Times

Hyundai and LG energy solution have opened a $1.1 billion battery cell plant in Indonesia as they work to build an EV ecosystem

IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook

Demand for key energy minerals continued to grow strongly, Driven by energy applications like EV's, battery storage, renewables and grid networks; supply increases driven by China, Indonesia, and DRC, exerted downward pressure on prices especially for battery metals

IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook

need for diversification for energy, but minerals are moving in opposite direction. High market concentration leaves market vulnerable to supply shocks. 

IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook

in a world of high geopolitical tensions, critical minerals have emerged as a frontline issue in safeguarding global energy and economic security

Sanderson

Dirty nickel: Tesla trying to attain more nickel, essential for EVs

Sanderson

Nickel mined in Indonesia disposed using Deep Sea Tailings, where they just dump all their waste in the sea. This caused many issues with environment, peoples livelihoods fishing

Sanderson

More nickel in batter —> more energy storage, longer range

Sanderson

Tsingshan bought up a bunch of nickel stocks, then laid a claim in Indonesia before they announced a ban on raw nickel exports. Tsingshan set up Morawali Industrial Park, becoming largest stainless steel producer globally. 

Sanderson

Environmental costs of nickel mining—deforestation, erosion, flooding, toxic waste. 

Sanderson

EV supply chain “clean cars” for cities, but environment destruction for resource countries

Sanderson

China’s dominance in mining, western weakness due to costs, regulations, activism.

Earth Island Journal

Environmental group Friends of the Earth Indonesia (WALHI) sent petition to Elon Musk urging him to not invest

Financial Times

Gulf States invest in Africa, Asia, Lating America mining to diversify their economies beyond fossil fuels; resource countries are glad they don’t have to pick a side between US and China

IRENA

The Role of Hydrogen in the Energy Transition; hydrogen mainly used for crude oil refining, fertilizer production, methanol production

IRENA

Hydrogen is best reserved for the uses that have no viable alternative, Policy attention should be given to more mature and centralized hydrogen solutions—research, planning, supporting policies

IRENA 

barriers for hydrogen: high cost, low level of technological readiness, low efficiency, renewable energy bottleneck, policy uncertainty, difficult to transport

Michael Libreich

Fertilizer Ladder. A tier: fertilizer, hydrogenation, methanol

Foreign Policy

Is hydrogen the future or a complete mirage? Economic and political concerts—tens of trillions of dollars, waste of money, likely limited role. 

Financial Times

Fortescue energy drops their goal of producing 15M tonnes of green hydrogen annually, company will expand once renewable capacity is more developed.