ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (RPM Board Exams Review Philippines)

abpsych

Psychopathology

Study of the nature, symptomatology, development, and treatment of psychological disorders.

Psychological Dysfunction

Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. An internal mechanism that is unable to perform its usual function.

Disability

Impairment in some important area of life.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Widely accepted system used to classify psychological problems and disorders. It contains a diagnostic criteria for behaviors that fit a pattern, cause dysfunction or subjective distress, are present for a specific duration, and for behaviors that are not otherwise explainable.

Mental Disorder

A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an indivudal’’s congnition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

Ph.D.’s

Clinical and counseling psychologists

Psy.D.’s

Clinical and counseling “Doctors of Psychology”

RPsy’s

Registered Psychologists

M.D.’s

Psychiatrists

M.S.W.’s

Psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers

MN/MSN’s

Psychiatric Nurses

Prevalence

how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder

Incidence

how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year

Onset

how the beginning of the disorder is

Acute Onset

the disorder begins suddenly

Insidious onset

the disorder develops gradually

Course

The pattern of development and change of a disorder over time, including its duration and changes in symptoms.

Chronic Course

courses that tend to last a long time

Episodic Course

Courses that are likely to recover and to suffer a recurrence

Time-limited Course

Courses that will improve without treatment in a relatively short period

Etiology

refers to the study of the causes or origins of a disease or condition. In the context of psychopathology, it examines the factors that contribute to the development of psychological disorders, including biological, psychological, and environmental influences.

Prognosis

The anticipated course and outcome of a psychological disorder, including predictions about its duration, potential for recovery, likelihood of recurrence, and response to treatment. Prognosis can be influenced by various factors such as the severity of the disorder, the individual's overall health, the presence of co-occurring disorders, and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

Psychopathology

is the branch of psychology that studies the nature, symptomatology, development, and treatment of psychological disorders. It encompasses a wide range of mental health issues, examines the underlying psychological mechanisms, and explores the social, biological, and environmental influences that contribute to these disorders.

Demonology

The doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body thereby can be treated by exorcism.

Exorcism

the ritualistic casting out of evil spirits

Trephination

cutting holes to the skull in the belief that evil spirits may come out.

Hydrotherapy

patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged into ice-cold water

Hippocrates

An ancient Greek physician believed that mental disturbances have natural causes. He is known for his contributions to the understanding of health and disease, and he established a code of ethics for medical practice (Four Humors: blood, black bile, etc)

Dark Ages

In this historic stage, churches gained influence and replaced physicians as healers and the main authorities on mental disorders. Monks cared and prayed for the mentally ill and concocted potions. Those accused of witchcraft would be tortured.

Lunacy

this refers to a mental illness that is believed to be associated with the phases of the moon, particularly the full moon. It was often used to describe bouts of insanity or irrational behavior.

Mass Hysteria

refers to a phenomenon where a group of people exhibit similar hysterical symptoms, such as irrational behavior or extreme emotional reactions, often in response to a collective fear or event. This can lead to widespread panic and chaos, where individuals may experience physical symptoms without any identifiable medical cause, driven by psychological factors and social influences.

Johann Weyer

He is recognized as the first professional to specialize in the treatment of mental illnesses. Created the first religious mental health facility (Gheel Blegium) and the first medical mental Asylum (Bethlehem Hospital, Spain). His writings emphasized the need for understanding and treating the underlying causes of mental illness, and he was an early critic of the witch hunts that targeted those with mental health issues.

Asylum

Establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill

Benjamin Rush

was a prominent American physician. Recommended drawing copious amounts of blood and believed patients could be cured by being frightened. He is one of the founding figures of American psychiatry and was a pioneer in advocating for the humane treatment of individuals with mental illnesses. Rush believed that mental disorders had biological and psychological causes and he promoted the idea of treating patients with respect and dignity.

Philippe Pinel

A French physician who treated patients as sick human beings rather than beasts. He unchained the patients and allowed them to move freely. He provided moral treatment, reformed asylums, and laid the groundwork for mental disorder classifications

William Tuke

an English merchant who founded the York Retreat, a rural estate where mental patients lived as guests in country houses.

Dorothea Dix

an American teacher and activist who improved the treatment of people with mental illnesses in the 19th century for the US and Europe. Her efforts let to the creation of more than 30 mental hospitals across the US.

Louis Pasteur

Established the germ theory of diseases, which set forth the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by organisms.

General Paresis

Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms. is a severe neurological and psychiatric disorder caused by chronic infection of the brain by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is responsible for syphilis

Francis Galton

was a British polymath, scientist, and psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of psychology, particularly in the areas of individual differences, behavioral genetics, and statistics. He is often regarded as one of the founding figures of modern psychology and is best known for his work on heredity, intelligence, and the development of psychometrics.

Eugenics

a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population. Where state laws prohibited marriage and required the mentally ill to be sterilized.

Insulin-coma therapy

Early biological treatment that induced a coma with large dosages of insulin

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Early biological treatment where patients undergo electric shocks that produce epileptic seizures to the sides of the human head

Prefrontal Lobotomy

An early biological treatment where the patient undergoes a surgery that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain. This often led to listlessness, apathy, and lack of some cognitive abilities.

Emil Kraepelin

was a German psychiatrist referred to as the “father of modern psychiatric classification” as his contributions laid the foundation for contemporary diagnostic systems like the DSM and ICD. He pioneered classification of mental illnesses based on biological causes.

Syndrome

A cluster of symptoms the co-occur

Dementia Praecox

an outdated term that was used to describe a group of symptoms that are now recognized as schizophrenia. Proposed by Emil Kraepelin

Manic-Depressive Psychosis

an outdated term that was used to describe a mental health condition now recognized as Bipolar Disorder. Proposed by Emil Kraepelin

Franz Mesmer

A German physician and philosopher who contributed to the development of hypnosis. Treated patients with hysteria using “animal magnetism” and was an early practitioner of hypnosis called mesmerism.

Animal Magnetism

A concept wherein a magnetic force flowed through the universe and could be harnessed to influence human behavior.

Mesmerism

A trance-like state from hypnotic induction using Mesmer’s techniques. Laid the foundation for modern hypnosis

Jean-Martin Charcot

A French neurologist and professor known for his work on hysteria, hypnosis, and the study of the nervous system. Observed that hysteric symptoms could be removed through hypnosis.

Josef Breuer

an Austrian physician in the 18th-19th century who made contributions in the areas of psychology particularly for hysteria and psychotherapy. Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis, or emotional purging.

Catharsis

Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about an event.

Psychoanalytic Theory

A psychological framework developed by Sigmund Freud where human behavior is determined by unconscious forces.

Sigmund Freud

an Austrian neurologist from the 18th-19th century, known as the founder of psychoanalysis. Made dream interpretation, psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality, and more.

Anna Freud

An Austrian-British psychoanalyst from the 18th-19th century known for her work in child psychoanalysis. The youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud. She concentrated on the way in which the defensive reactions of the ego determined our behavior. She was the first proponent of the modern field of ego psychology.

Heinz Johut

An Austrian-American psychoanalyst from the 19th century who focused on the theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress toward health and develop neurosis. This psychoanalytic approach became known as self-psychology.

Self-Psychology

A psychoanalytic theory developed by Heinz Kohut that focuses on the development, maintenance, and restoration of a healthy sense of self.

Carl Gustav Jung

A Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst from the 18th-19th century who founded analytical psychology. His work had a significant impact on modern psychology, psychotherapy, and philosophy. Hypothesized that in addition to the personal unconscious postulated by Freud, there is a collective conscious. He also catalogued various personality characteristics.

Alfred Adler

an Austrian psychiatrist and psychotherapist from the 18th-19th century, best known for developing the theory of individual psychology. He regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because he believed that fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good. He focused on the feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority. Founded the term “inferiority complex".

Karen Horney

A German-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst from the 18th-19th century who made significant contributions to psychology specifically in psychoanalytic theory, personal development, and feminist psychology. Criticized Freudian theory, made the concept of basic anxiety, and theory of neurosis.

Erich Fromm

A German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher from the 19th century best known for his work on human nature, social psychology, and political philosophy. Developed a humanistic approach to psychoanalysis and explored the ways in which social and cultural factors shape human behavior and personality.

Erik Erikson

A German-American psychologist and psychoanalyst from the 19th century, best known for his theory of psychosocial development. Proposed that individuals go through 8 stages of development.

Psychosocial Development

A theory made by Erik Erikson that refers to the process by which individuals develop their sense of self, identity, and relationships with others across the lifespan of 8 stages.

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician from the 18th-19th century, known for his discovery of classical conditioning, conditioned reflexes, and behavioral psychology.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.

John Watson

An American psychologist from the 18th-19th century who played a key role in the development of behaviorism. Emphasized on learning rather than innate tendencies, focused on observable behavior. Little Albert.

Mary Cover Jones

was an American psychologist from the 18th-19th century who made significant contributions to child psychology and behaviorism. She was one of the first psychologists to use behavioral techniques to free a patient from a phobia—case of Little Peter.

Joseph Wolpe

a South African psychiatrist and psychotherapist from the 19th century known for developing the technique of systematic desensitization. He gradually exposed individuals to fear stimuli while using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.

Systematic Desensitization

A technique made by Joseph Wolpe which involves gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli while using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.

Edward Lee Thorndike

An American psychologist from the 18th-19th century who made contributions in the areas of learning theory and educational psychology. Created the Law of Effect, stating that behaviors that are followed by consequence will be strengthened, while behaviors followed by an unsatisfying consequence would be weakened

Law of Effect

Thorndike’s law that states that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying consequence will be strengthened, while behaviors that are followed by an unsatisfying consequence will be weakened.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

An American psychologist, behaviorist, and author from the 19th century, known for his work on operant conditioning and the development of the theory of radical behaviorism.

Operant Conditioning

Skinner's work on on this demonstrated that behavior can be modified by its consequences, such as rewards or punishments.

Principle of Reinforcement

a fundamental concept in operant conditioning, which states that behavior is modified by its consequences, such as rewards or punishments.

Modeling

refers to the process by which individuals learn new behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge by observing and imitating others. Can occur without reinforcement.

Albert Bandura

A Canadian-American psychologist from the 19th century, known for work on social learning theory, self-efficacy, and observational learning.

Humanistic theory

a psychological approach that emphasizes the inherent value and dignity of individuals, and focuses on promoting personal growth, self-actualization, and self-directed behavior. Self-actualizing was the watchword for this movement.

Self-Actualizing

refers to the process of realizing one's full potential and becoming the person one is capable of becoming. It involves actualizing one's talents, abilities, and values, and living a life that is authentic, meaningful, and fulfilling.

Abraham Maslow

was an American psychologist in the 19th century, best known for his theory of human motivation, and created the Hierarchy of Needs. Was most systematic in describing the structure of personality.

Carl Rogers

Was an American Psychologist in the 19th century who created person-centered therapy or client-centered therapy, where the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible.

Person-Centered Therapy

is a type of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers, which focuses on the person's subjective experience, personal growth, and self-actualization.

Anxiety Disorders

a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive and persistent feelings of anxiety, fear, worry, and related behavioral disturbances. Differentiated by the types of situations feared or avoided and content-associated thoughts or beliefs. Persistent usually 6 months or more in duration.

Fear

emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat

Anxiety

anticipation of future threat

Panic Attack

A particular type of fear response prominent within anxiety disorders. Intense episode of fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, characterized by physical and emotional symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, etc. May be expected or unexpected.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about various domains which are difficult to control in addition to physical symptoms such as restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and persistently worried of having more panic attacks which may cause maladaptive behaviors.

Agoraphobia

Fear and anxiety of “unsafe” situations (e.g. public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, etc.) where panic-like symptoms may occur and help or escape is unlikely.

Specific Phobia

Fear, anxiety or avoidance of circumscribed objects or situations that is out of proportion to actual risk (e.g. injections, animals, natural environment)

Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia

Fear, anxiety or avoidance of social interactions and situations where scrutiny is possible in addition to cognitive ideation of being negatively evaluated or offending

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Fear or anxiety about developmentally inappropriate separation from attachment figures; nightmares and physical symptoms may be present.

Selective Mutism

Consistent failure to speak in social situations even though individuals speaks in other situations which leads to significant consequences on achievement or interferes social communications (usually diagnosed in addition to social anxiety disorder)

Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

anxiety due to substance intoxication or withdrawal or exposure to a medical treatment.

Anxiety Disorder due to Another Medical Condition

anxiety symptoms are direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.

Other Specified Anxiety Disorder

anxiety-like symptoms that cause clinically significant distress or impairment but does not meet full criteria and clinician specifies the reason (e.g. limited symptom attacks, generalized anxiety not occurring more days than not).

Unspecified Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety-like symptoms that cause clinically significant distress or impairment but does not meet full criteria and clinician does not choose to communicate the reason and there is insufficient information to make more specific diagnosis (e.g. emergency room settings)

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

Psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is a required criteria. Most prominent characteristics are anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms, aggressive symptoms or dissociative symptoms. Associated with social neglect, cognitive delays, language delays, reactive attachment, etc.

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Expressed with depressive symptoms and withdrawn behavior and compromised emotional regulation capacity which are caused by serious social neglect