Fashion Final Exam

Governments

Established systems of political administration.

Dictatorship

A single leader party controls all citizens and their lives.

What are examples of a dictatorship?

Nazi Germany, Uganda in the mid1920s

What is communism? What countries are communist?

Equality in dress is favored. State controls fashion, production, and distribution. North Korea and China.

Democracy

Political equality for all citizens.

Constitutional Monarchy

System of governing which office is held until death and is often hereditary. (U.K)

What are ways clothing is used by governments?

To demonstrate power and authority. (Police and army uniforms) Royal crown or British thrown. (Wearing a gown) To maintain or change the social order. (Chinese suits in communist countries) To reflect international relationships. Dress can relate to their nation's power.

Does dress influence other nations?

Yes, nations influence the dress of other nations.

Where does the greatest influence of dress come from?

Aligned nations. (United Nations for example)

T or F: Similarity in dress is increasing throughout the world.

True

Imperialism

Political or economic control of one nation by another.

T or F: Political leaders don't have an influence on fashion.

False

Name examples of political leaders who have influenced dress.

Queen Victoria, Princess Diana, JFK's wife Jacqueline.

How is clothing used for political symbols?

It's used to support or suppress political causes and ideas. Political campaign dress.

How is dress used for political rebellion?

Iranians rejected Western dress and went for Chador (Iranian traditional dress). Ghandi wore a native dhoti to boycott British dress.

How was dress utilized for revolution?

The French Revolution: It changed Marie Antoinatte's abuses and extravagancies in fashion.

How has war impacted dress?

Wartime fashions are somber, simple, and patriotic.

What is the Sukhomnilov Effect?

The victor of the war has the least ornate uniforms.

Why are there dress laws?

They maintain status/class distinction by identifying rank by dress. Use of color and materials for different classes. To control morality. (Making public nudity illegal)

More reasons why that there are dress laws?

Domestic industry: regulating imports. To promote ethics.

Textile Fiber Products Identification Act (1960)

Manufacturers forced to give percent of all fibers used in a garment.

Flammable Fabrics Act (1953)

Regulate the degree of flammability for specific items e.g. children's sleepwear.

Wheeler Lee Act (1938)

Protects consumers from false advertising

Permanent Care Labeling Act (1972)

Standardized symbols used on care labels of garments.

What is one role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

Concerned with the American environment and it's impact on human health.

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other textiles (2003)

Religion

Social structures reflecting people's relationship with the supernatural.

Ritual

Opening a door to another world by carrying out gestures and uttering words

Sacred

Extraordinary, inspiring a sense of reverence (holy)

Profane/secular

Non-religious, indecent, ordinary element of everyday life

Polytheism

Belief in many gods (Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism)

Monotheism

Belief in one God (Christianity, Islam, Judaism)

Atheism

Lack of belief in gods.

Describe the religion of Islam

Allah (god), Koran (bible), and women cover their body for modesty.

Describe Judaism

Yahweh/God (Adonoi) Torah (bibles), and women cover heads with head scarves and wigs from time of marriage for modesty.

What are three types of Christianity?

Catholicism, Protestantism e.g. Methodism, and Anabaptists (Amish & Mennonites)

What is the meaning of dressing like a priest?

Priestly dress symbolizes the removal of "maleness", celibacy, and poverty. Roman Catholic collar: moral up-righteousness

What is Sacrificial dress?

Painting a victim red and black before sacrificing them.

What are some examples of godly dress?

Buddha's simple dress, shaven head: peace, enlightenment and meditation. Dress of Jesus: humility. Pope's dress: closeness to God.

What are crossed keys?

Keys of Simon Peter

Sanctity dress

A religious form of dress. Baptismal dress and Marriage dress are examples.

Who originated the white wedding dress?

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's Wedding (1840)

Clothing has been used in two primary ways. What are they?

1. To maintain religion's traditions and customs. 2. To control the moral thought and conduct of believers.

What are characteristics of Hinduism?

Inner self has highest value. Caste, level of piety or specific god to whom one is devoted.

What are characteristics of Judaism?

Oldest of monotheism religions. Many dress symbols. Girdle divides pure upper body from impure lower body. Dress attractively to please God. Women cover heads with wigs

What are characteristics of Christianity?

Somber, simple modest dress especially for women to reject materialsm.

What are characteristics of Islam or Mohammedanism?

Women dress modestly and cover heads or entire body, face and hands in public

What are Islam clothing requirements?

1. Cover the whole body. 2. Loose and does not show body shape. 3. Thick and not see-through. 4. Overall appearance not shiny/flashy. 5. Not imitating others in their dress. 6. Decent, not fancy nor ragged. 7. Modest in behaviors, manners, and speech.

What are the punishments of not dressing legally in come cultures?

Apache woman would suffer nasal mutilation for infidelity. Chinese: canque (public humiliation)

What are examples or Penitential dress?

Chastity belt. Rough dress made of horsehair or sack cloth

Technology and Dress influence: 1. Advances in Textile Engineering and Manufacturing Equipment. This has led to:

Mass production of fashion. Different cultural groups may derive different or particular meanings for the technological advancement.

Technology and Dress influence: 2. Advances in Cosmetic Surgery. This has led to:

Innovations in age retarding and youth-enhancing drugs.Acceptability of procedures and new meanings of dress. Youthful plastic bodies versus wearing wrinkles and grey hair as badges of honor.

Technology and Dress influence: 3. Computerized Systems for virtual images. This has led to:

•Consumers can electronically "try on clothing". •Garment fit customized •Consumers take part in designing their garment style

Technology and Dress influence: 4. Internet and Online Catalogues. This has led to:

•Mail purchasing increasing in numbers

Technology and Dress influence: 5. Environmental Concerns This has led to:

\-Advances in technology could be accompanied by increased concern for people's lives and the environment

\-Responsible consumption -Eco-Friendly Fashions

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Implications of Made-to-Measure?

•Some consumers will feel less discriminated •Underclass people who cannot afford made-to-measure garments may develop •More uniqueness in appearance may develop

Self esteem could be the result of made to measure advances

Culture

A complex whole that includes any capabilities and habits held by members of society. It is the sum total of a group's ways of thinking, feeling, and acting.

How does dress and culture correlate?

People in different parts of the world dress differently and culture is the primary influence on the type of dress worn.

Mentifacts

What people know and think (ideas, values, knowledge,)

Meanings

Are another component of cultural knowledge. It is learned.

Stereotypes

A network of meanings assigned on the basis of appearance.

Appearance Stereotypes

Are Mentifacts shared by members of a cultural group.

Sociofacts

What people do in a culture. These are the social behaviors of how people organize themselves in relation to one another. E.g. the way people dress(uniforms), sports, and music.

Artifacts

( Specifially in a Material culture) what people make, all things created by human beings that are tangible e.g. dress, art, furniture, and cars.

Hegemony

A system whereby a group dominates and leads minorities and less powerful groups in society.

Social norms

Are habits that govern the way people dress.

Folkways

Generally accepted as the conventional ways of doing things, but people do not usually insist on them.

Customs

Are social habits that are more deeply rooted in tradition.

Mores or taboos

Carry the connotation of being morally and ethically right or wrong.

Laws

When social rules are enacted by those in political power, they become law.

How does physical attractiveness affect those who are attractive?

Beautiful people have advantages over unattractive people in: • advertisements, courtroom, classroom, obtaining help, getting elected to public office

What are some supposed advantages of being attractive?

Attractive people are more successful than unattractive people at selling products, wielding influence. • Attractive people are accorded more deference(respect).

T or F: Age is linked to categories of gender and attractiveness:

True

Six characteristics of culture: 1. Culture is transmittable:

Elements of culture e. g. clothing customs are passed from one generation to another.

Six characteristics of culture: 2. Culture is transmuted:

Culture is changed or altered, e.g. style variations in clothing from one generation to the next.

Six characteristics of culture: 3. Culture is learned:

from parents, - through books and media. - Informally through observation and direction or formally through direct instruction;

Six characteristics of culture: 4. Culture is communicated:

Through written and oral communication. Through non-verbal and symbolic behavior.

Six characteristics of culture: 5. Culture is shared:

Can start as a habit by one individual or small group and then shared with a wide group of society; e.g. styles of dress.

Six characteristics of culture: 6. Culture is dynamic:

Fashions and fads change.

Economic System

A social structure used to determine how a society's resources are to be utilized.

Subsistence Economic System

Produce only enough to meet own needs ▪ Wardrobes are small with little variation

Barter Economic System

Similar to subsistence societies ▪ Produce more than they require ▪ Trade products with another group ▪ Wardrobes are sufficient for family's needs.

Centrally Planned Economic System

Common in communist countries ▪ Central government determines production ▪ Pricing is not competitive

Market Economic System

Styles change frequently, E.g. USA ▪ Free market forces determine production ▪ Wardrobes are large and varied

Textile

a textile is any product made from fibers

Fibers

Basic units of texture yarns and fabric.

What are two primary groups of fibers?

Natural fibers and synthetic fibers

Yarn

A collection of fibers or filaments laid or twisted together to form a continuous strand.

List 3 types of fabric construction

Weaving, knitting, and felting/bonding

Quality

Refers to the sum total of product characteristics. (Appearance, appropriateness, performance, and freedom from defects)

Cotton (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Natural fiber, cellulose, It is very comfortable with high absorbency. Poor thermal retention and resiliency. Machine wash and dry.

What is the chemical structure of cellulose?

CHO Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Wool (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Natural fiber, protein, High absorbency, thermal retention, and resiliency. Poor dimensional stability. Doesn't burn easily. Dry clean clothes

What is the chemical structure of wool?

CHON; Amino Acids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Silk (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Natural fiber, high luster. Beautiful, soft, comfortable. High absorbency, dimensional stability, and good thermal retention. Dry clean

Linen/Flax (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Natural fiber, High luster and comfort, its thick and stiff. Good absorbency and thermal retention. Poor resiliency. Dry cleanor machine wash

Rayon (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Manufactured, Excellent absorbency, poor thermal retention, resiliency, and dimensional stability. Dry clean/machine wash

Acetate (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Manufactured, high luster, smooth texture, poor abrasion resistance and resiliency. Dry clean

Nylon (explain advantages and disadvantages)

Synthetic, excellent abrasion resistance, high resiliency and dimensional stability, poor absorbency. Machine wash or dry clean

How is Nylon produced?

Dicarboxylic acid, diamine, and polyamide