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Push factors
Conditions in a migrant's home country that drive them to leave, such as poverty, conflict, persecution, or lack of economic opportunities.
Pull factors
Conditions in a destination country that attract migrants, such as higher wages, better living standards, safety, or family reunification.
Poverty trap
An economic condition in which an individual or community is unable to escape poverty due to self-reinforcing mechanisms such as lack of access to education, lack of job opportunities, inadequate healthcare, and insufficient financial resources.
Neoclassical model
An economic theory that views migration as a result of differences in labor demand and wages between countries. People move to take advantage of economic opportunities elsewhere
New economics model
argues that migration is not simply about individuals seeking higher wages. It's a complex family strategy to manage risk, diversify income, and improve their overall well-being in a world of imperfect markets and economic uncertainty.
Dual Labor Markets
A concept linking migration to the demand for foreign labor in developed economies, emphasizing the role of employers and government policies. Migration is driven by the inherent needs of advanced industrial economies for a low-skilled, flexible workforce to fill jobs that native-born workers are unwilling or unable to do. It's not just about individual migrants seeking better opportunities; it's about the structure of the receiving country's economy creating a demand for migrant labor.
World Systems Theory
views the world as an interconnected capitalist system divided into a core, periphery, and semi-periphery. The core countries are the dominant, industrialized nations, while the periphery countries are less developed and often exploited for their resources and labor. The semi-periphery countries are in between, with some characteristics of both core and periphery.
Network Theory
Argues that social networks play a crucial role in sustaining and shaping migration flows. It's not just about individual decisions; it's about how migrants are connected to each other and to people back home. These networks provide assistance, financial support, social support, lower costs and risks of migration.
Institutions Theory
argues that migration flows are sustained and shaped by the existence and activities of various organizations (both formal and informal) that have a vested interest in the continuation of migration. Organizations can include travel industries, remittance companies, labor recruiters, etc.
Forced displacement
: Migration that occurs when people are compelled to leave their homes due to violence, persecution, conflict, or other threats to their safety and well-being. Ex: refugess feeling war, victims of human trafficking, people displaced by natural distasters, etc.
Exit vs Voice
suggests that people have two main responses to dissatisfaction with their current situation: "exit" (leaving) or "voice" (trying to change things from within)
Substitutes
Immigrants and native workers compete for the same jobs, leading to potential wage decreases for natives.
More likely when immigrants have similar skill levels to local workers. Example: If a country brings in many low-skilled workers, native low-skilled workers might face job competition and lower wages. Stolper-Samuelson theory suggests that immigration leads to lower wages for workers in the same sector
Complements
Immigrants and native workers fill different roles, making each other more productive.
More likely when immigrants take jobs that locals do not want or lack skills for. Example: If immigrants take on manual labor or routine jobs, native workers can shift to higher-skilled or customer-facing roles. Businesses benefit by better allocating labor, which can lead to higher wages for natives overall
Remittances
Money sent by migrants to their families in their home countries. Economic Effects: can boost economic development in sending countries by providing income to families, increasing consumption, and funding investment in education, healthcare, and small businesses. Good Social Effects: can improve the well-being of families by increasing their access to education, healthcare, and other essential services. Bad Social Effects: can create dependency and reduce labor force participation
Nativism
An ideology favoring native-born residents over immigrants, often accompanied by prejudice and discrimination towards immigrants
Brain Drain
The emigration of highly skilled individuals from a country, leading to a loss of human capital and hindering economic development.
Brain Gain
The immigration of highly skilled individuals to a country, boosting its human capital and economic growth. It can also refer to the return of skilled emigrants to their home country, bringing with them new knowledge and expertise
Median voter model
A model suggesting that politicians adopt policies appealing to the median voter to win elections.
Interest Group Model
This model suggests that policy is shaped by the competing interests of various groups, such as businesses, labor unions, ethnic organizations, and advocacy groups.
Refugee
A person who has been forced to flee their country because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
Asylum seeker
A person who applies for refuge in another country but has not been declared a refugee.
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, a UN agency protecting refugees, displaced communities, and stateless people, and to help them resettle to a different country.
UNRWA
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees,. A UN agency that provides assistance and protection to Palestine refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
What are the different types of migration?
The different types of migration are international v. internal, voluntary v. forced, economic, family, refugee etc.
Why do people move?
People move because of push and pull factors, aspirations and abilities to do better in a different country, and poverty trap on their home country.
How does migration relate to globalization
Globalization facilitates migration through increased trade, communication, and transportation. Migration contributes to globalization by spreading ideas, cultures, and technologies.
What are myths about migration?
Myths about migration are that immigrants take jobs from natives (they do jobs that noone else wants to do), Immigrants are a drain on the economy (most immigrants contribute through paying their taxes and contributions), and immigrants increase crime rates (not true, there are studies to prove this),
What are the actual effects of migration? (Wage, fiscal, criminal, cultural, political, etc.)
Wage: Can affect wages of native-born workers, especially low-skilled. Fiscal: Can contribute to or strain public finances, depending on factors like age, education, and employment status. Criminal: Generally, immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than native-born residents. Cultural: Can enrich society through diversity, but also lead to cultural tensions. Political: Can affect voting patterns and political discourse
Host countries
Host Countries (Receiving Countries): Countries where migrants arrive and settle. Ex The U.S., Canada, Germany, Australia. Experience economic, social, and political effects from migration.
Home countries
Home Countries (Sending Countries) : Countries from which migrants originate. Examples: Mexico, India, Syria, El Salvador.Experience effects such as brain drain (loss of skilled workers) or remittances (money sent back home by migrants).
Democracies
Democracies: Governments where power is determined by elections and citizens have political rights. Examples: The U.S., Canada, Germany. Tend to emphasize voice over exit (people protest and engage in politics rather than leaving). More likely to have pro-immigration policies, as immigrants can eventually gain voting rights and influence politics. Public opinion, median voters, and interest groups shape immigration policy
Autocracies
Governments where power is concentrated in a single leader or a small ruling group. Examples: North Korea, Saudi Arabia, China. More likely to restrict political dissent, forcing people to either accept the government or emigrate (exit vs. voice) Can encourage or discourage migration strategically (e.g., allowing labor migration for economic benefits but restricting migration to democratic countries to prevent political influence). Nativism and nationalism may be used to justify immigration restrictions
What are the “solutions” for refugees? Are these good options? Why or why not?
Repatriation: Returning to their home country (often not possible due to ongoing conflict or persecution). Local Integration: Settling permanently in the host country (can be challenging due to discrimination or lack of opportunities). Resettlement: Transferring to a third country (limited availability and can be culturally challenging).
Conclusion to Migration
Migrants and non-migrants
FLB Chapter 24 Research Question
What are the mechanisms by which trade policies impact immigration regulations, and how do various political and economic contexts influence the evolution of immigration policies over time? How do factors such as nativist sentiments, business interests, fiscal concerns, and the political landscape interplay to shape the decisions made regarding immigration in the face of changing trade environments?
FLB Chapter 24 Main Idea
This highlights the relationship between immigration policies and trade policies, emphasizing that immigration regulation is not solely driven by economic needs but it is influenced by several factors like historical context, political dynamics, and public sentiment. The analysis reveals that although trade liberalization can boost economic demand and create demand for labor, it does not necessarily lead to more open immigration policies but it can foster nativist attitudes and calls for stricter immigration controls due to fears of job competition and cultural dilution. Also, the chapter talks about how business interests often push for open immigration to reduce labor costs during protectionist trade policies, while shifts towards open trade can decrease the political incentive for businesses to advocate for immigration as labor demand declines. Overall, the main idea underscores the complexity of policymaking wherein immigration restrictions can emerge in times of open trade due to varied pressures and interest that shape public and political responses to immigration.
