Chromosomes

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and definitions related to genetics and inheritance.

Pleiotropy

A single gene controlling or influencing multiple phenotypic traits.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A mutation causing a change in hemoglobin that leads to sickle-shaped red blood cells, less efficient at transporting oxygen.

Heterozygote Advantage

The genotype Aa provides resistance to malaria while avoiding sickle-cell crises.

Epistasis

Interaction between nonallelic genes resulting in one gene masking the expression of another.

Product Rule (Probability)

The chance that two or more independent events occur together, calculated by multiplying their individual probabilities.

Sum Rule (Probability)

The chance that an event can occur in two or more different ways, calculated by summing their separate probabilities.

Test Cross

A method to determine the genotype of a dominant organism by breeding it with a homozygous recessive individual.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross focusing on one trait (one gene) to determine possible offspring.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving two traits (two genes) to determine possible offspring.

Gametes

Reproductive cells formed through meiosis, each containing one allele for each gene.

X-Chromosome Inactivation

The process where one X chromosome in female mammals is silenced to equalize gene dosage between XX females and XY males.

Lyonization

The random inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals, resulting in a Barr Body.

Cystic Fibrosis

A recessive genetic disorder affecting the respiratory and digestive systems.