Social Studies Chapter 2 Study Guide Question Sheet for Delilah

Where is Southwest Asia?

Southwest Asia is where the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa meet

What specific holy city is located in the Arabian Peninsula?

Mecca

Where is the Arabian Peninsula located?

The Arabian Peninsula is directly east of Africa and is surrounded by multiple bodies of water

What separated the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa from each other?

Many waterways

What were the bodies of water separating the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa from each other?

Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf

What are the bodies of water separating the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa from each other important for?

The bodies of water are important for trading, the economy, and connecting the continents of the area.

What did people trade in the bodies of water separating the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa from each other?

People traded many natural resources like silk, spices, and exotic (unfamiliar) goods.

What religion was founded in Mecca?

Islam

Where is Mecca within?

Southwest Asia

Who founded Islam?

Prophet Muhammad

When did Islam begin to spread?

During the Middle Ages

What are people who follow the Islam religion called?

Muslims

What do Muslims believe?

Muslims believe that Allah is the only God

What are the holy books of the Islam religion?

The Qur’an and the Sunnah

What does the Qur’an say?

The Qur’an explains about Allah, that universe, the human soul, laws, and sin

What is the second holiest Islam book?

The Sunnah

What does the Sunnah say?

The Sunnah gives the traditional rules, practices, and customs of the Islamic community.

What are the core (main) beliefs of Islam?

Five pillars → faith, prayer, giving to the poor, fasting, and pilgrimage

How many pillars does the Islam religion have?

5

What do Muslims try to do?

Follow the 5 pillars and live a good and responsible life

How was Islam spread?

Islam was spread through conquest, conversion, and tolerance

How were Muslim leaders expanding their territory?

Fighting in wars

What did Muslim leaders believe was their job when fighting wars?

To spread their religion (Islam)

What would the Muslim leaders bring to the areas they conquered?

Their religion (Islam)

Why would many people living in the areas conquered (taken over) by the Muslim leaders convert (change their religion) to Islam?

Because the new Islamic government of those areas the Muslim leaders took over would benefit the Muslim citizens both socially (in society/their rank) and economically (in money)

Which religious groups were still tolerated (allowed) to participate in Islamic society?

Jewish and Christians

What were the Jewish and Christians considered?

“People of the Book”

Why were the Jewish and Christians considered the “People of the Book”?

Because they also believed in one God who was revealed to them through a prophet

What did being tolerated (allowed to be in Islamic society) good for the Jewish and Christians?

They were allowed to be a part of the society, but they had limitations (restrictions) like extra taxes and certain rules

Where did Islam spread during the 700s?

Islam spread into Central Asia and parts of Southern Europe

When did Islam begin to spread into Central Asia and parts of Southern Europe?

The 700s after Muslim forces spread to India and Spain

What had a very important impact (affect) in the spread of Islam?

Trade

How did trade have a very important impact in the spread of Islam?

Muslims would need to pay for traveling to Mecca on their pilgrimages by selling goods (trading)

Where did traders in Africa have to travel across?

Sahara Desert, along the Eastern coast, and west Africa

Where did traders in Asia have to travel across?

Silk Road

What took place from the 7th century to the 13th century?

The Islamic Golden Age

What was the Islamic Golden Age?

A time from the 7th century to the 13th century when Muslim rulers established (created) one of the largest empires in history

When did the Islamic Golden Age take place?

From the 7th century to the 13th century

Who helped the Muslim world become a major intellectual center for many areas?

The Islamic scholars

Why were Islamic scholars important to the Muslim world?

Islamic scholars helped the Muslim world become a major intellectual center for many areas

What were the many areas that the Muslim world became a major intellectual center in?

Art, Literature (think of books and writing), Geography, Math, Medicine, Science

What did religious art in the Muslim world include?

Quotes from the Qur’an in beautiful calligraphy (handwriting)

What did nonreligious (not religious) art have?

Intricate (detailed) geometric shapes on pottery, silks, and tapestries (thick piece of cloth with with colored threads woven into a picture or design)

What language was the Qur’an written in?

Arabic language

Who wrote the Qur’an?

Scholars

What is one of the oldest and most widely spoken languages of the world?

The Arabic language

What is the Arabic language?

One of the oldest and most widely spoken languages of the world

How old is the Arabic language?

Was created around the 4th century

What did the Muslims have an interest in?

The Muslims had an interest in the larger world

What did the Muslims make about geography?

New books such as many maps

Who is the person who is the father of algebra and writer of a book that helped popularize numerals such as 1, 2, and 3?

Musa al-Khwarizm

Who is Musa al-Khwarizm?

The father of algebra and writer of a book that helped popularize (make popular) numerals (stand for numbers) such as 1, 2, and 3

What numerals do we use in math today?

The ones popularized (made popular) by Musa al-Khwarizm

How did Muslim doctors advance (make progress in) medicine?

By learning more about medicine like symptoms (responses to medicine), diagnosis (figuring out the problem or what is wrong with you), and treatment (how to fix) many diseases

Who discovered that light travels in a straight line?

Ibn al-Haytham

What did Ibn al-Haytham discover?

That light travels in a straight line

Who was an early believer in evolution and wrote about food chains?

Al-Jahiz

Who was Al-Jahiz?

An early believer in evolution and wrote about food chains

Who developed (made) a precise (accurate) solar calendar called the Jalali?

Omar Khayyam

Who was Omar Khayyam?

He developed (made) a precise (accurate - close to being correct) solar calendar called the Jalali

What is the Jalali?

A precise (accurate - close to being correct) solar calendar that is considered to be better than the calendar used today

Which calendar is considered better: the one used today or the Jalali?

The Jalali

What is the style of the Arabic language?

Poetic (think of poems and how they are written)

What is the area located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River called?

The Holy Land

Where is the Holy Land located?

Between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River

Why do Christians claim the region called the Holy Land?

Because Jerusalem is the birthplace of Christianity (where Christianity was created)

What do the Jewish people believe about the Holy Land?

The Jewish people believe God gave the Holy land to them only through Abraham

Why do the Muslim people believe the region called the Holy Land is theirs?

Because they also believe in prophets Abraham and Jesus

What were the three major religions that existed in the area of the Holy Land?

Christianity, Jewish, Muslims

What was the area that the three major religions (Christianity, Jewish, Muslims) existed in?

The Holy Land

What caused long-lasting rivalry (competition) between Christians and Muslims?

Christians and Muslims both wanted to control the Holy Land

Why did the Christians and Muslims compete to control the Holy Land?

The Christians and Muslims both believed that they had the right to the Holy Land because they each believed that the Holy Land was given to them by their God

What did the rivalry (competition) between the Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land lead to?

Several wars

What were the wars that the Christians and Muslims fought each other in so they could control the Holy Land called?

Crusades

Who asked for the Crusades to happen?

The Pope

Who was the Pope?

The head (leader) of the Roman Catholic Church

What were the Crusades?

Large military expeditions (journeys) with the goal of retaking control of the Holy Land

Who did the Pope say must participate in the Crusades?

Europeans of all kinds (kings, nobles, knights, peasant farmers, tradesmen, and even thousands of children)

What were the people who participated in the Crusades called?

“Crusaders”

What did the Muslims believe about who the crusaders were?

Muslims believed the crusaders were invaders

What did the Muslims believe about the actual crusades?

Muslims saw the crusades as ongoing (still happening) territorial battles with Europeans

How many Crusades are listed on your sheet that you have to know?

Three

What happened during the First Crusade?

• What started it: Muslim armies captured (took control of) Jerusalem

• Who called for the Crusade to happen: Pope Urban II

• Result: Ended when crusaders captured Jerusalem

What happened during the Second Crusade?

• Led by many European kings to take the Holy Land back from the Muslims who were ruling it

What happened during the Third Crusade?

• What started it: Muslims took back the Holy Land from the Christians

• Result: European leaders came to an agreement with Saladin (Muslim king) that let Christians visit Jerusalem

* This agreement ended the Crusade!!!!

Which Crusade was the last of the Crusades?

Third Crusade

What was made during the Third Crusade that ended the Crusades?

An agreement between the European leaders and the Muslim king that Christians could visit Jerusalem

What were the three negatives of the Crusades?

1. Violence towards minority groups - minority groups are groups that have less powe

- Think about African Americans during segregation (they had less power than the whites)

2. Weakened the Roman Catholic Church

3. Lack of control of the Holy Land

Who did a group from Germany during the Crusades put in place pogroms (organized murder) for?

Jewish civilians

What was the result of the pogrom (organized murder) put in place?

Thousands of Jewish civilians in towns across Europe died

How did the Crusades weaken the Roman Catholic Church?

The Roman Catholic Church had to pay for the wars and they were too expensive, which caused the Church to stop supporting the Crusades after the Fifth Crusade

Who lacked control of the Holy Land at the end of the Crusades?

The Christian crusaders

Why did the Christian crusaders lack control of the Holy Land at the end of the Crusades?

The Christian crusaders were unable to recapture the Holy Land

Who were the Crusades a failure for?

The Christian crusaders

What were the three positive impacts of the Crusades?

1. Trade

2. Economic Activity (ways people make their money)

3. Spread of Ideas

4. Culture

What are pogroms?

Organized massacres (the killing of many people)

Who were introduced to new goods during the wars of the Crusades?

The crusaders

Which country became the major trade hub (center) during the Crusades? 

Italy

Who in Italy became rich from trade?

Italian traders

Why did Italy become a major trading center during the Crusades?

Because of its location