Horticulture final pt.2

What is a geophyte

a type of plants that survives using specialized underground storage organs like bulbs or tubers

Geophyte’s main function

storing food, nutirents, and water, surviving adverse enviornmental conditions

Tunicate bulb

dry, papery outer layer called a tunic that protects it from drying and injury

Non tunicate bulb

lacks a tunic, has seperate scales attached to the basal plate and is more susceptible to drying out

Corm

a solid, swollen stem base with distinct nodes and internodes, containing only stem storage tissue and often surrounded by a tunic.

Bulb

has a short stem axis with fleshy scale like leaves for storage and contains leaf, stem, and flower tissue, with distinct nodes and internodes

Growth pattern of a typical potato tuber

produced one season, remains dormant, then provides food for new shoot regeneration the next spring. Old tuber disintegrates while new tubers form. at the end of the stolons

Tuberous root

a tickened, modified root used for food storage attached to the crown

Tuberous root life cycle

usually biennial, with the old root disintegrating after new shoots form and new shoots developing to maintain the plants through the next dormancy. Tubers

Tuber root life cycle

typically produced and survive for one dormant season before disentigrating

letomorph

a rhizome that has an indeterminate, continuous growth, spreading extensively without forming clumps found in certain perennial plants.

pachymorph

a rhizome that has a determinate growth that ends in a flowering stem with subsequent growth from a lateral bud, resulting in slow growing clumps

Micropropagtion

asexual propagation method where plants are duplicated rapidly on a cellular level usuing small tissue pieces in vitro

why is micropropagation used

used to quickly produce large numbers of plants, especially those difficult to propagate traditionally, produce disease free stockand maintain genetic uniformity.

advantages of micropragation

uniformity of clones, ability to produce are numbers from small material, propagation of difficult vast quantities of clones, pest free products, and aid in the conservation of rare plants

Start Clean Stay Clean

emphasizes beginning with pathogen free stock plants and maintaining sanitation throughout the propagation process

What does “Start Clean STay Clean” include

cleans areas, tools and media to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases, which is crucial for successful plants health and production

acclimization

the gradual exsposure of plants to different enviornmental conditions also known as hardening-off, typically the final stage in micropropagation before transplanting

Aseptic conditions

conditions free of contaminating microorganisms, essential for successful tissue culture and micropropagation

Basal plate

the short vertical stem axis found at the base of the bulb, from which roots and new growth emerge

Back bulbs

Leafless pesudobulbs removed from orchid plants and used for micropropagation

Bulbil

a miniature bulb that forms aerially in the axil of a leaf or stem, proving a method of vegetative propagation, tiger lily

Bulbet

miniature bulb that forms as ana off set from the basal plate or in the axil of the bulb scale, used for vegetative propagation

Bulb cuttings

a method of bulb propgation where a mature bulb is cut into vertical sections containing parts of the basal plate and scales

Bulbs

Specilaized underground storage organs costing of a short stem axis (basal plate) bearing a growing point or flower primordium enclosed by thick scale like leaves

Callus

an organized, de-differentiated mass of parenchyma type cells that can form from an explant under in vitro cultural conditions

Cormels

minature corms that develop between the old and new corms, used for propagation

corms

swollen bases of stem axes closed by a dry, scale-like tunic functioning as underground storage organs with distinct nodes and internodes

Contractile roots

roots that shrink and expand, pulling a geophyte’s storage organ to the proper soil depth

Crown division

a method of propagating tuberous roots and rhizomes by cutting teh crown or rhizomes into sections each containing at least one bud or eye

Disease

caused by infectious agents (biotic) that can be transmitted from one plant to another

Disorder

caused by non infectious agents (nonliving) and cannot be transmitted between plants

Division

a common method of vegetative propagationfor geophytes like tubers, rhizomes, corms, and pseudobulbs, involving cutting the storage organs in pieces containing a bud

Dropper

a modified stem or stolon in certain geophytes where a new bulb forms at the ends, helping to move the bulb deeper into the soil

Embryo culture

the sterile isolation and growth of an immature or mature plansnt embryo in vitro to obtain a viable plant

Explant

Any part of a plant (meristem, single cell, tissue) taken out and grown in vitro under aesptic conditions in a special nutrient medium

fibrous roots

adventitious roots that absorb water and nutrients and typically fnction for only one growing season in geophytes

Gancho (hook

the charcteristic hook shape that develops at the supapical portion of a potato stolon during tuberization

geophyte

a plant that survives as a specialized undergound storage organ, such as a bulb or tuber, during adverse conditions.

Green bulb

pseudobulbs with leaves that can be treated with IBA for propgation

Growth medium

a substance containing nutrients, hormones, and other components used for plant growth n tissue culture

Haploid plant

platnts produced through techniques like anther or pollen cuture that have only one set of chromosomes

infectious agents

living organisms (biotic) such as fungi, bacteria and viruses that can cause plant diseases and be transmitted

leptomorph rhizome

A type of rhizome with monopodial, indeterminate growth that speads extensively over an area and does not form a clump

meristem culture

the cultural of apical meristems of shoots in vitro often used to produc evirus free plants

micrppragation

asexual propagation method that uses a small piece of plant tissue in vitro to rapidly produce large numbers of clones; also known as tissue culture

nonifcetious agents

nonliving factors (abiotic) such as environmental extremes or chemical imbalances that cause plant disorders but cannot be transmitted

non tunicate bulbs

a type of bulb lacking a protective tunic, with seperate scales attached to the basal plate, more susceptible to drying

normal offsets

bulbets that naturally form from a basal plate of most bulbs

pachymorph rhizome

a type of rhizome with sympodial, determinate growth where the apical node terminates in a flowering stem forming slow growing clumps

Pathogen

a parasite that has the capacity to cause disease in another living organisms

Pip or crown

a section of rhizome containing roots and a terminal bud (leaf or flower) sometimes forced for spring bloom

Plantlets

small plants developed during the multiplication stages of micropragation, typically having shoots and leaves but no roots

pseudobulbs

enlarged, fleshy sections of the stem made up of one to several nodes, specialized storage structures produced by many orchid species

rhizome

a modified stem structure that grows horizontally at or just below the ground surface, often also functioning as a storage organ

scaling

a method of propagating non tunicate bulbs by breaking off individual scales from which new bulbets develop

Scooping

a method of bulb propagation involving scooping out the basal plate to promote formation of multiple bulbets (hyacinth, pineapple lily)

Scoring

a method of bulb propagation involving cutting the basal plate to prmote the formation of multiple bulbets

seed culture

culturing seeds in vitro often used to generate sterile seedlings

seed potato

a horticultural term for potato tubers used specifically for propagation

signs

The physical evidence of a pathogen or pest on a plant

slips

adventitious shoots produced by tuberous roots that can be removed and transplanted after developing adventitious roots

Somatic hybridization

a technique involving the fusion of somatic cells from which two different plant species to create a hybrid

Stolon

a horizontal stem that grows along the surface of the ground, which may terminate in a new plant or storage organ (distinct from a rhizome that grows underground)

Symptoms

The visual effects or changes produced in a plant due to pathogens or pests

Totipotency

The capacity of a plant cellor explant to differentiate and develop into a complete, whole plant

tubercles

aerial tubers produced in axils of leaves, a less common method for propagation for some plants

tuberization

the biological process that leads to the formation of tubers

tuberous roots

thickened underground structure that are modified roots, use for food storage

Tubers

swollen, modified stems with nodes, internodes that function as both storage and organs for vegetative propagation (tuberous stem)

Tunic

the dry, membranous outer scales that enclose a tunicate bulb providing protection

Tunicate bulb

a type of bulb enclosed by a dry , membranous tunic with fleshy scales arranged in continuous, concentric layers

Twin Scaling

a method of propagating tunicate bulbs by cutting sections containing two scale sections and a portion of the basal plate from which the new bulbets develop

Geophyte Characteristics

herbaceous perinnelas, shoots die down at the end of the growing season, domanat fleshy organs bear buds for new chacteristics

Stages of micropropagation

1. Stage 0: Selection and Cutivar of stock plants

2. Stage1: initiation or establishment

3. Stage2: Multiplication

4. Stage 3: Rooting

5. Stage 4: acclimization

Disease triangle

susceptible host, virulent pathogen, favorable enviornment

disease cycle

1. Inoculation

2. infection

3. dispersal

4. colonization

5. reproduction

disease management

1. exclusion

2. eradication

3. protection