Biology Quiz 1

Weeks 1, 2, & 3

5 Basic Unifying themes of Biology

Evolution

Interaction

Energy & Matter

Information

Organization

Hard Sciences

Ex.) Chemistry, Biology, Physics, etc.

Soft Sciences

Psychology, Sociology, etc.

Biology

Study of Life

What is life?

Order

Energy Processing

Adaptation

Response to Environment

Reproduction

Etc

Theme 1: Organization

Reductionism: The reduction of complex systems to simpler components

Emergent Properties: come from the interaction of parts of a system

Systems Biology: Models the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems among the whole parts

Organization measures the correlation between…

Structure and function

Different levels of organization

Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere

Theme 2: Information

DNAcontains genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction.

Theme 3: Energy and Matter

Light energy enters system, heat energy exits

Theme 4: Interactions

Interactions within and between organisms often include feedback mechanisms

Theme 5: Evolution

Evolution is the unifying theme across all of biology

Inductive reasoning

A logical process of moving from specific observations to broader hypotheses. smaller to broader

Deductive Reasoning

Drawing specific conclusions from general ideas

Broader to smaller

Scientific Method

Cycle: observation, research, hypothesis, test, analysis, conclusions

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances ompundC

Compound

Substance consisting of 2 or more elements

4 Elements of Life

CHON Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Atom

Smallest unit of an element

The nucleus contains

Protons & Neutrons

Electrons

- Charge and are outermost (electron cloud)

Atomic Number

number of protons in nucleus

Atomic Mass

Atoms total mass

Mass #

Sum of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

Radioactive isotopes

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Valance Electrons

Electrons in outermost shell

Covalent Bond

Sharing of pair of valance electrons

Single & Double Bond. How many pairs?

1 & 2

Electronegativity

Atoms attraction for shared electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

atoms share electrons equally

Polar Covalent Bond

One atom is more electronegative

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

Intramolecular

Bond WITHIN Molecules

Intermolecular

Bond BETWEEN Molecules

What is the biological medium for earth?

Water

Emergent Properties of Water

Cohesive Behavior

Ability to moderate temperature

Expansion upon freezing

Versatility as a solvent

Temperature

The average kinetic energy of molecules in motion

Specific Heat of Water

Very high (energy needed to →/← 1g of substance by 1^0 c

Aqueous Solution

One in which water is a solvent in

Systems Biology

Studying complex systems instead of studying individual parts

Acid

Substance that increase H+ Concentration

Base

Substance that reduces H+ Concentration

Buffers

Minimize change in concentrations of H+ & OH- in a solution

pH Scale

Higher on the scale, lower the pH (acidic) & lower on the scale, higher the pH

Ocean Acidification

CO2 in the atmosphere lowers the ocean pH (More acidic)

Organic Chemistry

The study of compounds that contain carbon

Vitalism

belief in a life force outside the of physical and chemical. aka god higher power

Mechanism

all natural occurrences are governed by physical and chemical

laws, including the processes of life

Stanley Miller Experiment

(1953) 11/20 amino acids spontaneously synthesized. Came from inorganic molecules

Isomers

Equal compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

Structural, Cis-trans, and Enantiomers

Different structure, Cis two x’s same size, trans opposite sides, mirror image

Functional Groups

hydroxyl,

carbonyl,

carboxyl,

amino,

sulfhydryl,

phosphate,

methyl