Management Information Systems and Technology Review

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the course transcript covering basic MIS concepts, technology laws, data characteristics, systems architecture, analytics, and prompt engineering.

Abstract reasoning

Thinking about concepts or ideas that aren't directly observable; generalizing from specific examples.

Systems thinking

Looking at how parts of a system interact and affect the whole system.

Collaboration

Working with others to accomplish a shared goal.

Experimentation

Testing an idea or solution to see what happens.

Hardware

Physical technology such as computers, phones, servers, and keyboards.

Software

Programs and instructions that tell hardware what to do.

Data

Raw facts and figures collected by a system.

Procedures

Rules or processes for how a system is used.

People

Users and other people who interact with or manage a system.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

An information system designed to support organizational management and decision-making.

Information System (IS)

A system that collects, processes, stores, and distributes information.

Accurate data

Data that is correct and free from errors.

Complete data

Data that contains all necessary information.

Consistent data

Data that does not contradict itself across sources.

Timely data

Data that is available when needed and up to date.

Relevant data

Data that is directly useful for the task or decision.

Accessible data

Data that can be easily obtained by authorized users.

Moore's Law

Computing power roughly doubles every two years while cost stays similar.

Metcalfe's Law

A network's value increases as the number of connected users increases.

Nielsen's Law

Internet connection speeds increase rapidly over time.

Kryder's Law

Storage capacity and density increase rapidly while the cost per unit of storage decreases.

Bell's Law

New classes or types of computers emerge approximately every decade.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Executes instructions and performs calculations.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Temporary working memory used by currently running programs.

Volatile storage

Data disappears when power is turned off.

Non-volatile storage

Keeps data even when power is turned off.

Binary

Number system using only 0 and 1.

Virtual Reality (VR)

A fully immersive computer-generated environment.

Augmented Reality (AR)

Adds digital information or elements to the real world.

Mixed Reality (MR)

Digital objects interact with and respond to the physical environment.

Virtual Machine (VM)

Software that creates a virtual computer running inside a physical computer.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet-connected physical devices that collect and exchange data.

Edge computing

Processing data close to where it is generated instead of sending everything to a central cloud.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Internet of Things technology used in industrial and manufacturing environments.

Client Operating System (OS)

Operating system running on a user's device.

Server Operating System (OS)

Operating system running on a server that provides services or resources to clients.

Native application

An installed application designed for a specific operating system or device.

Web application

An application accessed through a web browser.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

Defines the structure and content of a webpage.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Controls the appearance and style of a webpage.

JavaScript

Adds behavior and interactivity to webpages.

Firmware

Software embedded in hardware that controls the hardware.

Open-source software

Software whose source code is available to inspect, modify, and distribute under its license.

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

Using a personal device for organizational purposes.

Porter's Five Forces

Competition, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, and bargaining power of suppliers.

Cost leadership

Compete by having lower costs or prices.

Differentiation

Compete by offering something unique.

Focus

Target a specific market segment or niche.

Best-cost strategy

Offer good differentiation at a relatively low cost.

Value chain

Activities a company performs to create value for customers.

Primary activities

Activities that directly create and deliver the product or service.

Supporting activities

Activities that enable and support primary activities.

Business Intelligence (BI)

Using data to understand business performance and support decisions.

Business Analytics (BA)

Using data and statistical methods to analyze problems and predict or optimize outcomes.

Recency, Frequency, Monetary (RFM)

A method for evaluating customers based on how recently, how often, and how much they purchase.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Analyzes data from multiple dimensions; used for analysis and complex queries.

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)

Used for everyday transactions.

Granularity

The level of detail in data.

Data warehouse

A centralized repository of structured data used mainly for analysis and reporting.

Data mart

A smaller data warehouse focused on a specific department or function.

Data lake

Stores large amounts of raw structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.

Supervised data mining

Uses labeled data to predict or classify outcomes.

Unsupervised data mining

Uses unlabeled data to discover patterns or groups.

Four Vs of Big Data

Volume, Velocity, Variety, and Veracity.

MapReduce

A method for processing large datasets by dividing work across multiple computers.

Static report

Fixed information that does not automatically change or allow interaction.

Dynamic report

Updates with current data and/or allows interaction.

Zero-shot prompt

Ask the AI to perform a task without providing examples.

One-shot prompt

Give one example before asking the AI to perform the task.

Few-shot prompt

Give multiple examples before asking the AI to perform the task.

Chain-of-thought prompt

Prompts the model to reason through a problem step-by-step.

System prompt

Instructions that define how the AI should behave.

User prompt

The user's request or instructions to the AI.

Temperature

Controls the randomness or creativity of AI responses.

Top-k

Limits the model's choices to the k most likely next tokens.

Top-p

Limits the choices to the smallest group of tokens whose combined probability reaches the specified probability value.