Linguistics-2nd-year-١

Linguistics

The scientific study of language, derived from the Latin word 'lingua' (tongue) and 'istics' (knowledge or science).

Langue

The abstract system of language known collectively and is shared by a community, as defined by Ferdinand de Saussure.

Parole

The actual spoken or written expression of language; the concrete use of language by individuals.

Phonetics

The study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

Phonology

The study of how sounds are organized and patterned in particular languages.

Morphology

The branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and the rules for combining morphemes.

Syntax

The study of how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language, specifically related to words and grammar.

Pragmatics

The study of context-dependent aspects of meaning in language use.

Sociolinguistics

The study of how language varies and functions in social contexts.

Historical Linguistics

The study of how languages evolve over time and the genetic relationships between languages.

Comparative Linguistics

The branch of linguistics that compares languages to assess their historical and structural relationships.

Psycholinguistics

The study of the cognitive processes underlying language production and comprehension.

Neuro-linguistics

The study of how language is processed in the brain.

Discourse Linguistics

The study of language use in larger contexts beyond the sentence level, including conversation analysis.

Semiotics

The study of signs and symbols as elements of communicative behavior.

Generative Grammar

A theory of grammar that aims to describe and analyze the rules governing the structure of sentences.

Empirical Linguistics

Approaches in linguistics that rely on observation and analysis of language data.

Inductive Methods

Procedures in research where specific observations lead to general conclusions.

Deductive Methods

Research methods that start with a general premise and derive specific instances from it.

Cognitive Grammar

A theory of grammar that emphasizes the connection between language and cognitive processes.

Dialect

A regional or social variety of a language that has distinct features.

Idiolect

The unique way an individual uses language, encompassing their personal variations.

Language Acquisition

The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.

Cross-linguistic Influence

The effects that a language learner's native language has on their learning of a second language.

Linguistic Relativity

The hypothesis that the structure of a language affects its speakers' cognition and worldview.

Ethnolinguistics

The study of the relationship between language and culture.

Clinical Linguistics

The application of linguistic theory to understanding and treating language disorders.