Cognitive and Moral Development Lecture

A collection of 45 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from the Cognitive and Moral Development lecture.

Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development consisting of __ distinct stages.

four

The first stage of Piaget’s theory, spanning birth to about 2 years, is called the __ stage.

Sensorimotor

During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, a concept known as __.

object permanence

The game of peekaboo helps babies practice the concept of __.

object permanence

The second stage of Piaget’s theory, from ages 2–7, is the __ stage.

Preoperational

Children in the preoperational stage are often __, meaning they struggle to see perspectives other than their own.

egocentric

Using a broom as a “horse” demonstrates the preoperational child’s developing __ thinking.

symbolic

Believing a tall, thin glass holds more water than a short, wide one illustrates failure of the concept of __.

conservation

The third stage of Piaget’s theory, lasting roughly from 7–11 years, is the __ stage.

Concrete Operational

The ability to understand that 5 + 3 equals 3 + 5 shows the concrete operational skill of __.

reversibility

Sorting blocks by color, size, or shape demonstrates the concrete operational ability of __.

classification

The final stage of Piaget’s theory, beginning around age 12, is the __ stage.

Formal Operational

Thinking about hypothetical moral dilemmas is characteristic of __ operational thought.

formal

According to Piaget, teachers can best help middle-childhood learners by providing __, hands-on problem-solving activities.

concrete

Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the reasoning behind moral choices rather than the __ themselves.

actions

Kohlberg’s first level of moral development is the __ level, typically seen up to age 9.

Preconventional

In Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory, right and wrong are determined by avoiding __.

punishment

Sharing a toy only to receive one in return exemplifies Kohlberg’s Stage 2, also called __ and exchange.

Individualism

Kohlberg’s second level, centered on conformity and social order, is the __ level.

Conventional

Seeking social approval by telling the truth reflects Stage 3, “Good __ Relationships.”

Interpersonal

Obeying laws to maintain order represents Stage 4, “Maintaining __ Order.”

Social

The highest level in Kohlberg’s hierarchy is the __ level, reached by some adults.

Postconventional

Supporting a protest to change an unjust law illustrates Stage 5, __ contract and individual rights.

Social

Acting according to internal principles of justice, even when illegal, exemplifies Stage 6, __ principles.

Universal

In behavioral theory, learning through association describes __ conditioning, first studied by Pavlov.

classical

According to Skinner, behavior that is followed by a pleasant stimulus is strengthened through __ reinforcement.

positive

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase its frequency is called __ reinforcement.

negative

Adding an unpleasant consequence to reduce a behavior is known as __ punishment.

positive

Behavioral theory states that observable __, not feelings, are the focus of study.

behavior

Albert Bandura’s social learning theory highlights __, the process of learning by watching others.

modeling

The first stage of observational learning, when the learner focuses on the model, is called __.

attention

Remembering what was observed so it can be used later is the __ stage of social learning.

retention

Attempting to imitate a behavior corresponds to the __ stage in Bandura’s model.

reproduction

The decision to perform a modeled behavior because of expected rewards is the __ stage.

motivation

John Bowlby’s theory emphasizes that secure __ in childhood foster healthy adult relationships.

attachments

A strong preference for one caregiver that appears around 7–9 months marks the __ attachment stage.

specific

Forming bonds with multiple caregivers after 10 months refers to the __ attachments stage.

multiple

Vygotsky’s term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and with help is the __ of proximal development.

zone

Temporary support that helps a learner bridge the ZPD is called __.

scaffolding

According to Vygotsky, learning is driven by interaction with more __ others, abbreviated MKOs.

knowledgeable

Havighurst states that adolescents should adopt a personal set of __ to guide behavior.

values

Managing one’s __ and its associated roles is a developmental task related to the self.

sexuality

Establishing mature relationships with __ of both sexes is an interpersonal developmental task.

peers

Recreating relationships with __ is common in late adolescence as independence stabilizes.

parents

Becoming knowledgeable about __ life and home management prepares adolescents for adult responsibilities.

family