A&P 2 Lab - Exam 3

Label the Kidney

Label the Nephrons

What is the function of the nephrons?

In short, it filters blood and produces urine. Nephrons filter blood to remove waste, reabsorb necessary substances back into the bloodstream, and secrete additional waste products to form urine.

What is the functions of the glomerulus?

Glomerular filtration; glomerular capillaries filter substances such as water, electrolytes, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, and metabolic waste. These substances exit blood in the glomerulus and enter the glomerular capsule as filtrate (filtration only occurs at renal corpuscle).

Histology of Kidneys

Identify the following histology:

Ureter

Identify the following histology:

Bladder

What hormone regulates the water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

What steroid/hormone is synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

The yellow pigment that gives urine its characteristic color is called-

urochrome

What is the name of the process of expelling urine from the bladder?

Micturition

Give an example of a medical condition for each scenario:

• Cloudy urine

• Sugar presence inn urine

• Protein in the urine

• UTI / Dehydration / Kidney Stones

• Diabetes

• Chronic Kidney Disease

What are gametes?

In humans, gametes are reproductive cells (also called sex cells) that contain half the usual number of chromosomes (23, instead of 46). These are sperm in males and eggs (ova) in females

What are gonads?

In humans, gonads are the primary reproductive organs. In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. In females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs (ova) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

What is a zygote?

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

What is spermatogenesis?

It is the process of sperm cell production in the testes, specifically within the seminiferous tubules. It involves a series of cell divisions and transformations, ultimately resulting in the formation of mature sperm cells (spermatozoa) from spermatogonial stem cells. This process is crucial for male fertility and involves both mitotic and meiotic cell divisions.

What is oogenesis?

It is the process in human females where a diploid oogonium develops into a mature haploid ovum (egg cell). This process is crucial for sexual reproduction, as it produces the female gamete necessary for fertilization. Oogenesis involves a series of cell divisions (mitosis and meiosis) and maturation steps, beginning in the developing fetus and continuing until ovulation.

Label the female reproductive organs:

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

What is the fimbriae?

These are finger-like projections located at the ends of the fallopian tubes, near the ovaries. They play a crucial role in capturing the egg released from the ovary during ovulation and guiding it into the fallopian tube for potential fertilization

Explain the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

This phase is the second half of the ovarian cycle, following ovulation, and typically lasts about 14 days. It's characterized by the development and function of the corpus luteum, a temporary structure in the ovary that produces progesterone and estrogen. This phase prepares the uterine lining (endometrium) for a potential fertilized egg and is crucial for maintaining a pregnancy if fertilization occurs

Label the male reproductive organs:

Where is sperm produced?

seminiferous tubules of the testes

Where does sperm mature/stored?

epididymis

What is sperm?

These are the male reproductive cells responsible for fertilizing the female egg cell (oocyte). They are produced in the testicles (specifically, the seminiferous tubules) and are crucial for sexual reproduction in many organisms, including humans

What is semen?

This contains sperm, which are the male reproductive cells, as well as other fluids that help to nourish and protect them, such as seminal fluid,

Identify the following histology:

Primordial follicle (ovarian cycle)

Identify the following hsitology:

Primary follicle (ovarian cycle)

Identify the following histology:

secondary follicle (ovarian cycle)

Identify the following histology:

Vesicular follicle

Identify the following histology:

Corpus Luteum (ovarian cycle)

Identify the following histology:

Corpus albicans

Identify the following histology:

Endometrium (top), myometrium (bottom)

Identify the following histology:

Endometrium

Identify the following histology:

Testes (Seminiferous Tubule)

Label the endocrine organs:

What is growth hormone?

Formed by the anterior pituitary gland, its main function is to regulate growth of various target tissues including skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose, liver, cartilage, and bone. The short-term effects include increased glood glucose and fatty acid levels so they can be used by cells for fuel and raw materials for growth.

What is prolactin?

Produced in the anterior pituitary, it stimulates growth of mammary gland tissue, initiates milk production after childbirth, and maintains milk production during breastfeeding

What is melatonin?

Produced by the pineal gland, main target tissues are sleep-regulation centers in brainstem

What is glucagon?

produced and secreted from alpha cells; promotes reactions that increase blood glucose levels

What is oxytocin?

produced by hypothalamus; stored in axon terminals of posterior pituitary gland

Functions primarily focused on reproduction

Target cells are in mammary glands of breast tissue and smooth muscle of uterus

In nursing mother, breastfeeding stimulates oxytocin release which causes mammary glands to contract resulting in milk ejection

During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract to assist with labor and deliver

What is FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; gonadotropin)

▪ in Males—stimulates cells of testes to produce chemicals that bind and concentrate testosterone

▪ in Females—FSH and LH together trigger production of estrogen; FSH also triggers maturation of ovarian follicles into vesicular follicles

What is LH?

Luteinizing hormone (LH; gonadotropin)

▪ Male—stimulates production of testosterone by testes

▪ Female—stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries; triggers release of oocyte in ovulation

Identify the following histology:

Thyroid

Identify the following histology:

Pancreas

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Mitosis is for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

Meiosis is for sexual reproduction, creating gametes (sperm and egg cells)

Meiosis 1

Meiosis 2

Sheep Kidney Dissection

Male Cat Reprodcutive System

Female Cat Reproductive System:

Label the male internal reproductive organ: