philosophy TEST ... you got this TO GOD BE THE GLORY

What are the dates of Epicurus's birth and death?

Birth: 341 B.C.

Death: 270 B.C.

Which pre-Socratic philosopher and his what theory of nature/reality did Epicurus follow?

Epicurus followed Democritus's Atomic theory of nature/reality.

What is the name of Epicurus's view that humans cease to exist at death?

The Annihilationism.

This view is similar to that of the 20th-century scientific and liberal humanists except that, unlike Epicurus, they were all _____.

Atheist

Epicurus's philosophy (Epicureanism) is called the _____, which defines good as _____ and evil as _____.

Hedonism; Pleasure; Pain

However, unlike the modern-day Epicuren Epicureanism, which engages in the indiscriminate pursuit of pleasure, it teaches _____ as the greatest good.

PRUDENCE

By what two philosophical processes was the Epicurean Paradox (i.e., the incompatibility between the existence of the god of goodness and the existence of evil) created?

The Essentialization of evil.

Presenting the Generic solution, which leads to the paradox.

In contrast, the Bible gives the _____ explanations, by which the presence of evil shows God's _____.

historical; mercy and grace

Name the founder of Stoicism.

Zeno of Citium.

Name the famous Stoic who was Emperor Nero's tutor.

Seneca

Name the famous Stoic who became a Roman emperor.

Marcus Aurelius

Stoics believed in the dualism/dichotomy of the _____ and the _____.

mind and the body

What kind of logic did Stoic Chrysippus teach?

Prepositional logic.

He was a forerunner of what philosophy?

The 20th-century Analytical Philosophy.

What did Stoic ethics emphasize?

Virtue as rational living and self-mastery.

What are the dates of Aristotle's birth and death?

Birth: 384 B.C.

Death: 322 B.C.

Aristotle was a student of

Plato at his school, the Academy.

What is the name of the school Aristotle founded and taught?

The Lyceum.

What is another name for this school, given because Aristotle taught his students while they walked together?

The Peripatetic School.

Who was the most famous student of Aristotle?

Alexander the Great

What was the charge against Aristotle, which lead him to be exiled?

impiety

What are the three disciplines within science of which Aristotle is the father?

1. Biology

2. Physics

3. Astronomy

What are the two forms of logic that Aristotle systematized?

1. Syllogism

2. Enthymeme

How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

The laws of probability.

In his Poetics, what is the term Aristotle uses to describe the cleansing of emotion through the viewing of tragedy?

Catharsis

What is the principle of "balance" that Aristotle describes in his Nicomachean Ethics?

The Golden mean.

Complete Aristotle's famous saying:

"Man is, by nature, a _____ animal."

POLITICAL

Whereas Plato's starting point is in meditation and introspection (of his Ideal-Form), what is Aristotle's starting point?

The sense perception.

Since everything has a cause, how does Aristotle explain the existence of the matter (or the material reality)?

The eternal existence of the matter.

What is the term that Thomas Acquinas uses to explain God as the First Cause?

The 1st Mover.

Name Aristotle's Four Causes.

The MATERIAL Cause: the raw material (substratum) (e.g., wood).

The FORMAL or Essential Cause: the material with intention (e.g., a plan of a table).

The EFFICIENT Cause: an agent working on the material (e.g., a carpenter using wood to build a table).

The FINAL Cause: the completed form (e.g., dining on the table).

What are the dates of Plato's birth and death?

Birth: 429 BC

Death: 347 BC

Who painted The School of Athens, in which Plato and Aristotle were featured as the central characters?

Raphael

Plato was born into what kind of family?

Aristocratic

What is the name of the school that Plato founded (in 387 BC)?

The Academy

Plato taught that the phenomenal world is not "real" but a shadow. What is the name of his real world?

The world of the Ideal

What is the name of the allegory that best describes Plato's philosophy?

The allegory of the cave

What is the Socratic Dialectic?

a question/answer mode of teaching

What is another name for this method?

The Maieutics (midwifery)

What kind of knowledge does it assume?

The soul-knowledge

What are Plato's tripartite divisions of the soul? List them from the least important to the most important.

- Emotion

- Will

- Intellect

What are the corresponding functions within the government?

- Producers (farmers, craftsmen, merchants, etc.)

- Auxiliaries (warriors)

- Guardians (philosopher-king)

What conflict between the two disciplines of thought does the Apology of Socrates reflect?

The conflict between philosophy and rhetoric.

The discipline of philosophy affirms the substance/essence in reality. In contrast, what does the second discipline affirm?

appearance

Philosophy also pursues universal knowledge. What kind of knowledge does the second discipline pursue?

????local knowledge?????

What is "death," according to Plato?

"Death” is a separation of the soul from the body.

According to the Bible (Genesis 1:17 and 3:6-8), what is "death"?

“Death” is a permanent cessation of function.

Plato believed that our soul was immortal and preexisted before birth. What, then, is "knowledge"?

"Knowledge" is the soul's recollection of the world of the Ideal.

Plato argued that our sense perception is inaccurate because what we see is constantly changing, whereas what is unseen is unchanging. Why, according to 1 Corinthians 4:16-18, is this wrong for the Christians?

Because "our outer man is decaying, yet our inner man is being renewed day by day."

Why was Socrates's doctrine so dangerous to the Athenians?

He was trying to create a new aristocracy ruled by the philosopher-king.

What is the name of the parable that best describes the unregenerated person's approach to understanding what reality is?

The parable of blind men and an elephant

What does the above parable illustrate?

The philosophers essentialize their partial understanding of reality and present it as the whole picture of reality.

Give two reasons (in the order presented in class) a Christian should study philosophy and biblical support for each reason. (Please spell out the entire name of the books of the Bible.)

For sanctification (Romans 12:2)

For evangelism (1 Peter 3:15)

What is the name of the discourse that rejects spiritual explanations of the existence of reality and resorts to naturalistic explanations instead?

epistemic discourse

What does Thales say is the substance/essence of reality?

water

What is the name of the pre-Socratic philosopher that believed the reality is made of Apeiron ("infinite" or "boundless")?

Anaximander

What does Anaximenes say the substance/essence of reality is?

air

What is the name of the pre-Socratic philosopher that believed the reality is made of four elements (i.e., earth, air, water, and fire)?

Empedocles

What is the name of the elemental particles that Leucippus and Democritus say form everything in the world?

atoms

Name two dualisms that Pythagoras taught.

The dualism of soul and body.

The dualism of form and matter.

Of what does he say that the form is made up?

numbers

Parmenides separated reality into (transient and changing) appearance and (permanent and unchanging) what?

"being"

What are the three characteristics of Heraclitus's view of reality?

1. Fire

2. Flux

3. Unity of the Opposites

Name the two pre-Socratic philosophers that influenced Plato.

Permenides and Heraclitus

Complete the definition of philosophy given in class."A __________ attempt to understand the world by answering such questions as “What is reality?” (__________), “How do we know what reality is?” (__________), “What is [__________]?” (ethics), “What is [__________]?” (aesthetics)."

human... ontology... epistemology... justice... beauty.

Ontology

what is reality?

Epistemology

How do know what reality is?

Ethics

what is justice?

Aesthetics

what is beauty?

What are the two things involved in the process of understanding?

__________.

__________.

naming and systematizing

What is the name of the debate (in the sciences, the languages, and the faith/reason relationship) that discusses whether two separate systems have a common ground for interaction or not?

___________

commensurability

What is commensurability?

A debate discussing whether two separate systems have a common ground for interaction or not

What are the three rationalistic arguments for the existence of God?

The __________ argument, which proves the existence of God from creation.The __________ argument, which proves the existence of God from design in nature.The __________ argument, which proves the existence of God from our ability to think of a perfect being.

cosmological

teleological

ontological

Cosmological

proves the existence of God from creation

Theological

proves the existence of God from design in nature

Ontological

proves the existence of God from our ability to think of a perfect being.

According to Romans 1:19-22, why do the first two arguments do not work?

Unbelievers __________ an innate awareness of God but always suppress it and resort to alternative explanations.

have

According to Romans 1:19-22, why do the first two arguments do not work?

Unbelievers have an innate awareness of God but always suppress it and resort to alternative explanations.

What is the problem with the third argument?

It confuses existence in thought with existence in __________ .

reality

What is the problem with the third argument?

It confuses existence in thought with existence in REALITY.