Pre-AP Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide (Unit 4) - DNA Structure, Synthesis, Protein Synthesis, Mutations, Inheritance
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What contributions did Rosalind Franklin do to DNA structure?
Discovered DNA's helix shape using X-ray images.
What contributions did Erwin Chargaff do to DNA structure?
Found that adenine (A) equals thymine (T) and guanine (G) equals cytosine (C) in DNA (Chargaff's rules).
What contributions did Watson and Crick do to DNA structure?
Created the double helix model of DNA using Franklin's and Chargaff's information.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA has two strands twisted into a helix, like a spiral staircase.
What are antiparallel strands?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
What happens during replication?
Helicase unwinds the DNA, creating a replication fork. DNA polymerase adds matching nucleotides to the template, building new strands from 5' to 3'. The leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in Okazaki fragments, joined by DNA ligase.
What is the role of DNA Helicase?
DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, forming a replication fork.
What is the role of DNA Polymerase?
Builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand or primer and proofreads the new DNA.
If n = 23 what does 2n equal?
46
What is the purpose of a karyotype analysis?
Can show genetic conditions.
What contributions did Rosalind Franklin do to DNA structure?
Discovered DNA's helix shape using X-ray images.
What contributions did Erwin Chargaff do to DNA structure?
Found that adenine (A) equals thymine (T) and guanine (G) equals cytosine (C) in DNA (Chargaff's rules).
What contributions did Watson and Crick do to DNA structure?
Created the double helix model of DNA using Franklin's and Chargaff's information.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA has two strands twisted into a helix, like a spiral staircase.
What are antiparallel strands?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
What happens during replication?
Helicase unwinds the DNA, creating a replication fork. DNA polymerase adds matching nucleotides to the template, building new strands from 5' to 3'. The leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in Okazaki fragments, joined by DNA ligase.
What is the role of DNA Helicase?
DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, forming a replication fork.
What is the role of DNA Polymerase?
Builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand or primer and proofreads the new DNA.
If n = 23 what does 2
What contributions did Rosalind Franklin do to DNA structure?
Discovered DNA's helix shape using X-ray images.
What contributions did Erwin Chargaff do to DNA structure?
Found that adenine (A) equals thymine (T) and guanine (G) equals cytosine (C) in DNA (Chargaff's rules).
What contributions did Watson and Crick do to DNA structure?
Created the double helix model of DNA using Franklin's and Chargaff's information.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA has two strands twisted into a helix, like a spiral staircase.
What are antiparallel strands?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
What happens during replication?
Helicase unwinds the DNA, creating a replication fork. DNA polymerase adds matching nucleotides to the template, building new strands from 5' to 3'. The leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in Okazaki fragments, joined by DNA ligase.
What is the role of DNA Helicase?
DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, forming a replication fork.
What is the role of DNA Polymerase?
Builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand or primer and proofreads the new DNA.
If n = 23 what does 2n equal?
46
What is the purpose of a karyotype analysis?
Can show genetic conditions.
What are the monomers of DNA and where do they get their nitrogen from?
DNA monomers are nucleotides, which get their nitrogen from nucleobases (A, T, C, G).
What contributions did Rosalind Franklin do to DNA structure?
Discovered DNA's helix shape using X-ray images.
What contributions did Erwin Chargaff do to DNA structure?
Found that adenine (A) equals thymine (T) and guanine (G) equals cytosine (C) in DNA (Chargaff's rules).
What contributions did Watson and Crick do to DNA structure?
Created the double helix model of DNA using Franklin's and Chargaff's information.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA has two strands twisted into a helix, like a spiral staircase.
What are antiparallel strands?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
What happens during replication?
Helicase unwinds the DNA, creating a replication fork. DNA polymerase adds matching nucleotides to the template, building new strands from 5' to 3'. The leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in Okazaki fragments, joined by DNA ligase.
What is the role of DNA Helicase?
DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, forming a replication fork.
What is the role of DNA Polymerase?
Builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand or primer and proofreads the new DNA.
If n = 23 what does 2n equal?
46
What is the purpose of a karyotype analysis?
Can show genetic conditions.
What are the monomers of DNA and where do they get their nitrogen from?
DNA monomers are nucleotides, which get their nitrogen from nucleobases (A, T, C, G).
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism; phenotype is the visible expression of the genotype.
Where does translation occur?
Translation occurs in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What is the process of translation of mRNA?
mRNA is decoded in the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide.
What contributions did Rosalind Franklin do to DNA structure?
Discovered DNA's helix shape using X-ray images.
What contributions did Erwin Chargaff do to DNA structure?
Found that adenine (A) equals thymine (T) and guanine (G) equals cytosine (C) in DNA (Chargaff's rules).
What contributions did Watson and Crick do to DNA structure?
Created the double helix model of DNA using Franklin's and Chargaff's information.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA has two strands twisted into a helix, like a spiral staircase.
What are antiparallel strands?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
What happens during replication?
Helicase unwinds the DNA, creating a replication fork. DNA polymerase adds matching nucleotides to the template, building new strands from 5' to 3'. The leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in Okazaki fragments, joined by DNA ligase.
What is the role of DNA Helicase?
DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, forming a replication fork.
What is the role of DNA Polymerase?
Builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand or primer and proofreads the new DNA.
If n = 23 what does 2n equal?
46
What is the purpose of a karyotype analysis?
Can show genetic conditions.
What are the monomers of DNA and where do they get their nitrogen from?
DNA monomers are nucleotides, which get their nitrogen from nucleobases (A, T, C, G).
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism; phenotype is the visible expression of the genotype.
Where does translation occur?
Translation occurs in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What is the process of
mRNA is decoded in the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide.