Properties of Water (Module 1.1.2)

Properties of Water (Module 1.1.2)

A polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves in water.

hydrophilic

non-polar molecules/compounds such as oils and fats do not interact well with water. separate from it rather than dissolve in it

hydrophobic

high heat capacity is a property caused by hydrogen bonding among water molecules. has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquids. high heat of vaporization

water

a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.

solvent

hydration shell. serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water.

sphere of hydration

When ionic compounds are added to water, the individual ions react with the polar regions of the water molecules and their ionic bonds are disrupted in the process. occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions

dissociation

water molecules are attracted to each other (because of hydrogen bonding), keeping the molecules together at the liquid-gas (water-air) interface, although there is no more room in the glass.

cohesion

the capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress.

surface tension

the attraction between water molecules and other molecules.

adhesion

This is because the water molecules are attracted to the charged glass walls of the capillary more than they are to each other and therefore adhere to it.

capillary action

pH paper, filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye so it can be used as a pH indicator, to test how much acid (acidity) or base (alkalinity) exists in a solution.

litmus

is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate.

acid

provides either hydroxide ions (OH– ) or other negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution and thereby raising the pH.

base

readily absorb excess H+ or OH– , keeping the pH of the body carefully maintained in the narrow range required for survival

Buffers

Cells are made of many complex molecules. such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids.

macromolecules

The fundamental component for all of these macromolecules

carbon

are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar

starch

are classified into three subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates

are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose. the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven.

Monosaccharides

form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (also known as a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis)

Disaccharides

A covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule (in this case, between two monosaccharides)

glycosidic bond

A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

polysaccharide

is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is made up of monomers of glucose.

Glycogen

is the most abundant natural biopolymer. cell wall of plants.

Cellulose

include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. are also the building blocks of many hormones and are an important constituent of all cellular membranes. fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

Lipids

is an organic compound (alcohol) with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl (OH) groups.

Glycerol

Fatty acids

have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached.

are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective; they may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes

Proteins

are produced by living cells, are catalysts in biochemical reactions (like digestion) and are usually complex or conjugated proteins. may help in breakdown, rearrangement, or synthesis reactions.

Enzymes

are chemical-signaling molecules, usually small proteins or steroids, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.

Hormones

Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape of the protein, leading to loss of function, known as

denaturation

are the monomers that make up proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom.

Amino acids

Each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond. which is formed by a dehydration reaction.

peptide bond

receive assistance in the folding process from protein helpers known as

chaperones

are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell. two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Nucleic acids

controls all of the cellular activities by turning the genes “on” or “off.”

DNA

mostly involved in protein synthesis

RNA

DNA and RNA are made up of monomers known as:

Each is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (fivecarbon) sugar, and a phosphate group

nucleotides

DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

nucleotide

Adenine and guanine are classified as:

primary structure is two carbon-nitrogen rings.

purines

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are classified as:

have a single carbon-nitrogen ring as their primary structure.

pyrimidines

contains A, T, G, and C

DNA

contains A, U, G, and C

RNA

A can pair with T, and G can pair with C

base complementary rule

is mainly involved in the process of protein synthesis under the direction of DNA. is usually single-stranded and is made of ribonucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds

Ribonucleic acid, or RNA,

carries the message from DNA, which controls all of the cellular activities in a cell. is read in sets of three bases known as codons. Each codon codes for a single amino acid.

mRNA

ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

It carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

DNA dictates the structure of mRNA in a process known as

transcription

RNA dictates the structure of protein in a process known as

translation