General Introduction to Comparative Anatomy

Comparative Anatomy

Branch of Anatomy which deals with similarities and differences between body parts of Domestic Animal.

Developmental Anatomy 

Deals with fetal development 

Macroscopic Anatomy / Gross Anat 

Visible to the eye

Osteology 

Deals with Bones 

Myology

Deals with Muscles

Arthrology / Syndesmology

Deals with Joints and Articulations

Splanchnology

Deals with Visceral Organs:
Digestive system

Respiratory system 

Urogenital System 

Esthesiology

Deals with Special senses:

Eye, Ears

Angiology

Cardiovascular Structures

Neurology

Deals with Nerves structures

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

Deals with body tissues

Somatic Cells

All cells in the body, and undergoes to cell division calles Mitosis (2n) Chromosomes. 

Germ Cells

Sex cells; sperm and egg cell, (Gametogenesis) Sperm and egg cell, Cell division via Meiosis (n) Haploid chromosomes 

Interphase

Longest resting phase in cell division.

G1

Phase prior to Synthesis phase

S Phase

Synthesis phase, DNA synthesis phase

G1

After all Cell division

Prophase

Chromosomes for Nuclear material Condenses

Disappearance of Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane 

Metaphase

Chromosomes of metaphase line up in the equatorial plate 

Anaphase

Sister Chromatids forms a separated chromosomes attached to the spindle-fiber. Moves towards to the opposite poles. 

Telophase 

Two chromosomes are formed, 2 daughter formed

Reappearance of Nuclear, Nucleolus   

Cell Membrane 

Principal cell Barrier, regulating in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm

Contains cytoplasmic organelle, contains the liquid portion of the cytoplasm called “Cytosol” 

Mitochondrion

Regarded as powerhouse of the cell and it produces energy compund ATP 

Lysosome 

Contains enzyme - Hydrolase 

Peroxisome

Contains Oxidase enzyme

Hydrolase, Oxidase

Destroys foreigm Agents “Bacteria” in cells.

Rough ER or Granular ER

Responsible for Protein Synthesis

Smooth ER or Agranular ER

Responsible for Lipid Synthesis, Carbohydrate synthesis 

Free Ribosome

Freely suspended

Bounded Ribosomes

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum 

Golgi Apparatus

Package, Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates prior to release out of the Cell. (Half moon shape)  

Centrioles

Paired structures that help in the foundation and guides spindle fibers during Mitosis. 

Nucleus 

Spheroidal body, usually located at the center of the cell, contains DNA. 

Water 

Principal fluid medium, 70% - 85% ¾ content in cell 

Proteins

10% - 20% of cell mass.

Structural Protein and Globular Proteins

2 Types of Protein

Lipids or Fats

Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Triglycerides

Carbohydrates

Most nutritional requirements, Provides energy, Glycogen

Liver

Principal site for glycogen

Skeletal Muscle

Second site for storage of glycogen

Gluconeogenesis 

Process of generating glucose from non-carbohydrates source.

Electrolytes

Provide Inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

Cations

Positively Charge

Anions

Negatively charge

Atrophy

Qualitative decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Qualitative increase in cell size

Hyperplasia 

Increase in the number of cells 

Metaplasia

Transformation on type of cell

Anaplasia

Poor cellular differentiation.

Dysplasia

Abnormality with size, shape, orientation, abnormal growth.

Neoplasia

Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, (tumor, becoming cancer cells)