2.b. Corridors of migrant flows create interdependence between countries

OCR A level geography flashcards global migration EDC case study South Africa

What is the peak age for internal migration

25-29, with a secondary one 60-64

Gauteng internal migration stats

45% of people living in the province of Gauteng were not born there

What is the education rate for internal migrants

Migrants entering Gauteng usually only have a high school diploma. Migrants leaving Gauteng have the most post-high school qualifications than any other province's emigrants

Employment rate for internal migrants

Employed migrants: mainly emigrate from Western Cape. Unemployed migrants: mainly emigrate from Limpopo or Eastern Cape

Which province has the least migrants

Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal have the smallest proportion of migrant households

What is the strongest push factor for internal migration

Unemployment

Female migrant stats for international migration into SA and the impact of this

Nearly half of immigrants are young females, leading to increased human trafficking

What is the primary migrant city in the whole of Africa

Johannesburg

Where are most of SA's immigrants from

75% are from another country in Africa

How many people emigrate to the UK

In 2020, 247,000 went to the UK

How many people have been deported in a year

2017: 15,000 illegal migrants were deported

Which countries do most people emigrate to

UK, Australia, USA

How has immigration increased year on year

Increased by 8.9 million between 2011 and 2016

What was migration like in the 1970s

3 million blakck South Africans were forced into cheap migrant labour for mines and other white-owned industry

Where were most workers from during the colonial periods

Labour migration from neighbouring states (Mozambique, Lesotho) for mining

What was migration like for black South Africans before 1994

South Africa was led by a racist government, limiting migration for black Africans. This caused 'oscillating' migration (rural to urban, then back to rural)

What did the government do to white people during apartheid

Gave economic incentives

What happened to white workers between 1960 and …

Between 1960 and 1980, skilled and semi-skilled white workers from neighbouring countries were given citizenship

When did internal migration to JB increase

In the 1990s internal migration to Johannesburg increased after the release of Nelson Mandela

What happened in 1994

SA gained democracy

What was the result of 1994 independence gain

It allowed more diverse immigrants e.g. low skilled, refugees, skilled professionals, asylum seekers

How has emigration changed since the 1990s

White South Africans have emigrated due to concerns over employment and crime

How has the number of female migrants increased

Female migrants increased 4x in the last 15 years

Remittances in Zimbabwe in one year

Zimbabwe remittance inflows contribute to 16% of the GDP in 2016

SA visas

South Africa has begun to offer 10 year multiple-entry visas to Africans who frequently visit South Africa for travel, business, or academics

What is the top supplier of SA immigrants outside of Africa

The UK - 3% of SA migrants are British

Brain drain

Highly skilled migrants leave for the UK, Australia, USA

Stat for stepping stone migrants

11% of migrants who enter into South Africa do so with the intent of moving on

Which countries make up most deportations and why

Mozambique, Lesotho, Zimbabwe make up 88% of deportations as a result of refused visa applications

What is the SADC

Southern African Development Community - a governmental organisation encompassing 16 countries

Are a lot of SA immigrants from the SADC?

Yes, 79%. Most are from Lesotho and Zimbabwe

Economic impact of immigration

Cheap labour supply in construction, agriculture, mining

Social impact of immigration incl years

Xenophobia, violent riots (2008, 2015, 2019)

Political impact of immigration

Migrants used as a scapegoat in elections as people always put immigrants as responsible for crime and unemployment

How much remittances did SA send in one year

2019: over $1 billion

What type of workers do SA struggle to attract

Highly skilled

Who are most visas given to

Relatives

Asylum seekers in SA

SA receives the highest no. of asylum seekers compared to any other country in Africa

Is SA hospitable to foreigners

SA is corrupt and xenophobic, making it inhospitable to immigrants

What are SA citizens' view on crime

70% of South Africans think crime is rising because of immigrants

Migrants and police - stat

Over 70% of immigrants have been stopped by police once

May 2008

In May 2008, 62 people were killed

2017 white paper

The white paper on international migration was published in 2017. The government wanted more skilled migrants rather than refugees, and also wanted to encourage national security, social cohesion, and economic growth

Has the refugee system tightened recently

In 2020, the refugee amendment act was passed. It restricted access to the asylum regime and denied asylum seekers substantive rights

How is the SA policy going to change in the future

There will likely be a push for a reform to the work visa system, in order to attract skilled professionals