Openstax Psychology Chapter 1

Psychology

scientific study of mind, brain, and behavior

Meehl's Maxim

believes that the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior

Reactivity/Hawthorne Effect

people may act differently somewhere else than they actually do

Reciprocal Determinism

people influencing each other

Science

an approach to evidence, a toolbox of skills used to prevent us from fooling ourselves (not a body of knowledge)

Scientific Theory

explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Hypothesis

testable prediction derived from a scientific theory

Scientific Study

1.) Theory

2.) Hypothesis

3.) Observation/Experimentation

4.) Peer Review

5.) Publish

Critical Thinking

the active application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information

William James

created a psychology lab in 1875; first American psychologist

Functionalism

how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment

Sigmund Freud

came up with the psychoanalytic theory

Psychodynamic Theory

revised version of the psychoanalytic theory

John B. Watson

known as the father of Behaviorism

B.F. Skinner

created operant conditioning- skinner box

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1. Self-actualization

2. Esteem

3. Social

4. Security

5. Physiological

The Cognitive Revolution

focuses on the fact that behavior alone is short-sighted; reincorporated mental processes

Behaviorist Claim

event-> emotion (event triggers emotions)

Cognitivist Claim

event-> cognition-> emotion-> behavior (event is processed by the cognition which then triggers emotions and results in behavior)

American Psychological Association

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

Behaviorism

focus on observing and controlling behavior

Biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior

Biopsychosocial Model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

Clinical Psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Cognitive Psychology

study of cognition, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

Counseling Psychology

area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

Developmental Psychology

scientific study of development across a lifespan

Dissertation

long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training

Empirical Method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Forensic Psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

Humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Introspection

process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

Ology

suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

Personality Psychology

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Personality Trait

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)

doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

Postdoctoral Training Program

allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

Psyche

Greek word for "soul"

Psychoanalytic Theory

focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

PsyD (Doctor of Psychology)

doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

Sport and Exercise Psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

Structuralism

understanding the conscious experience through introspection