Agricultural Structures, Materials, Postharvest, Machinery, and Slaughter Equipment Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards generated directly from agricultural engineering review materials covering structures, materials, postharvest processing, machinery, and slaughterhouse operations.

Biogas plant

Plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank.

Integrated plant

Biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit.

Split type plant

Digester and gas chamber form separate units.

Balloon type plant

Plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder.

Digester

Any water and air tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization.

Mesophilic temperature range

Temperature range of $20\,^\circ\text{C} - 40\,^\circ\text{C}$ where mesophilic bacteria operates.

Feedlot

Area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening.

Carabao

Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo.

Controlled atmosphere storage

Storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely controlled.

Greenhouse

Structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to plant growth can be attained.

Brooding

Process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional.

Farrowing stall

Device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods and which prevents sow from turning around.

Lairage

Any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens.

Tissue culture

Growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos, flowers and meristems in a laboratory medium.

Asepsis

Condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms.

Pithing

Insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives.

Palay

Paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain.

Dunnage

Pallet; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor.

Leachate

Liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials.

Farm to market roads

Access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and fishermen.

Riprap

Quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure.

Rated life

The number of revolutions or hours at a given constant speed that 90 percent of an apparently identical group of bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops.

Pitch diameter

For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove equal.

Thermoplastic

Substances that melt on heating and are processes in this state by a variety of extrusion and molding process.

Thermoset

Substances that cannot be melted and remelted.

Module

Quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number $\pi$ (or the quotient of the diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).

Backlash

Difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness.

Journal bearing

Sleeve bearing; a cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with some form of fluid lubricant.

Proof stress

Quotient of the load (when the specified permanent elongation occurs in a tensile test) divided by the original cross-sectional area.

Tempered fiberboard

High density fiberboard that has been specially treated with drying oil, petroleum derivatives or other compounds stabilized by baking or heating, and generally intended for the use where moisture resistance is required.

Stripping efficiency

Ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent.

Tuxying

Separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at most $1.8\,\text{mm}$ of abaca leaf sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying knife) or bacnis method (using bolo).

Coconut coir decorticator

Machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk.

Coffee pulper

Machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry without making any damage to the parchment coffee.

Corn grits

Milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been removed and with particle size of not less than $0.86\,\text{mm}$.

Dehusked corn dryer

Device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without husk, generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat.

Pitot tube

Tube that is being connected to a manometer and is being used to measure the static and total force of air in the testing duct of fan/blower.

Fiber decorticator

Decorticator; mechanical device used for extracting fibers by crushing, beating and scraping actions effected by the rotating cylinder with equally spaced blades and breaker or scraper block.

Water activity

Ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.

Batch type dryer

Mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the drying chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content.

Axial flow thresher

Throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the feeding and discharge outlets.

Overmilled rice

Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely removed.

Attrition mill

It consists of two roughed plates, one stationary and the other rotating. The material is reduced by crushing and shears.

Peanut sheller

Machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting the pods.

Rice combine

Mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing harvest residue onto the ground.

Agricultural machinery

Consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations.

Volute pump

Type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve.

Cavitation

Formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure.

Walking-type agricultural tractor

Two-wheel tractor; hand tractor; pedestrian tractor; self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.

Primary tillage

Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.

Three-point linkage

Combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and the implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor.

Float-assist tiller

A special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted tilling wheel and equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields.

Mechanical rice transplanter

Machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and leveled field.

Compression ignition engine

Diesel engine; engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.

Spark ignition engine

Gasoline engine; engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on the compressed fuel and air mixture.

Conservation tillage

System that maintains a minimum of $30\%$ residue cover on the soil surface after planting or maintains at least $1{,}100\,\text{kg/ha}$ of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion period.

Subsoiler

Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers.

Specific draft

Unit draft; draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section.

Back furrow

Raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side.

Dead furrow

Open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing.

Captive bolt

Stunner that uses kinetic energy to project bolt into the forehead of the animal to render it unconscious.

Dehairing machine

Dehairer; mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible paddles used in removing hair from animal carcass after scalding.

Handheld flayer

Type of dehider that is equipped with cutting blades attached to the air motor assembly aided by an air compressor.

Restrainer

Slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements of the animal in upright position prior to stunning.

Overhead rail

Suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses.

Splitting saw

Tool with a metal blade designed to cut the backbone of hog carcass.

Polycarbonate

An amorphous thermoplastic with excellent dimensional stability and good strength and stiffness over a wide range of service temperatures.

Angular contact bearing

These bearings are designed to support combined radial and thrust loads or heavy thrust loads depending on the contact-angle magnitude.

Plain washer

Washer which provides bearing surface for a nut or screw head, covers large clearance holes, and distribute fastener loads over large area, particularly on soft materials such as aluminum or wood.