Speciation

Biology Level 3 Study!

______ ______ is the process by which heritable traits increase an organism’s chances of survival and _______. this beneficial ________ is favoured over less beneficial traits causing _______ reproductive success between organisms, and those ______ increase in _______ in the gene pool as a result of increased reproductive rate.

natural selection reproduction, phenotype, differential, alleles, frequency

_______ means that each amino acid can be coded for by more than 1 _______

redundancy, codon

________ means that genetic code has lost its ________, so multiple codons can code for the same ______ ______

degeneracy, specificity, amino acid

_______ is a type of sexually reproducing cell _______ of _______, which results in _ genetically different _______ cells with a _________ (diploid/haploid) number of chromosomes

meiosis, division, gametes, 4 daughter, haploid

______ ______ is the change in allele ______ of a gene in a population due to random chance, and reduces genetic ______

genetic drift, frequency, variation

a _____ is a ______ (diploid/haploid) cell: a fertilised egg resulting from the union of an ovum with sperm. it contains one ______ chromosome from each parent

zygote, diploid, homologous

______ biodiversity means the amount of genes available in a ______ ______ for a species for selection

genetic, gene pool

______ ______ refers to the way ______ chromosomes line up at the equator (it is ______ whether the maternal or paternal chromosome is on the left or right)

independent assortment, homologous, random

______ is where pairs of alleles are separated when the homologous chromosomes split, and occurs during ______ II

segregation, meiosis

interspecific ______ is where members of the/a ______ (same/different) species fight over a shared ______ (food, territory etc.)

competition, different, resource

intraspecific ______ is where individuals of the/a ______ (same/different) species, occupying the same ______, fight over resources (and mate, territory, food etc.)

competition, same, niche

the ______ niche refers to the entire set of ______ under which a species can survive and reproduce

fundamental, conditions

the fundamental niche refers to ______ factors

abiotic

the realised niche refers to ______ factors

biotic

the fundamental niche is limited by ______ tolerance

physiological

the realised niche is limited by ecological ______

interactions

the ______ niche refers to the set of conditions actually used by a given species after interspecific ______ have been taken into account (predation, competition etc.)

realised, interactions

an ecological ______ refers to the specific role an organism plays within its environment, encompassing how it interacts with both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. this includes its h______ requirements, ______ (structural, physiological, and behavioral), and how it ______ with other species

niche, habitat, adaptations, interacts

a ______ mutation is either to the ______ (intron/exon) of DNA; or a ______sense (same/mis/non) mutation; or a mutation which is not currently beneficial with a negligible effect

silent, intro, same

______ is the change in allele frequencies

evolution

a ______ is a group of organisms which can naturally in interbreed to produce ______ offspring

species, fertile

______ is the formation of new species from a ______ ancestor

speciation, common

a ______ is a group of members of the same species, in the same ______ at the same ______

population, location, time

a ______ is a population which has little or no gene ______ with other populations of the same ______

deme, flow, species

a ______ is a species spread across a geographic range which displays a gradual ______ in a ______ characteristic. ______ populations can breed, but populations at each end of the spectrum may not be able to

cline, change, phenotypic, adjacent

a ______ species is spread around the globe latitudinally, which displays a gradual change in phenotypic characteristic. ______ populations can interbreed, but the ends of the ring species (where they meet) may be so different that they can no longer interbreed and are classified independently as two different ______

ring, adjacent, species

______ ______ is a model of evolution with ______ periods of little or no evolutionary change – known as ______ – which are punctuated by short periods of relatively rapid bursts of ______

punctuated equilibrium, long, stasis, evolution

______ is a model of evolution referring to the slow, constant rate of change within a species overtime in response to changes in ______ ______

gradualism, selection pressures

______ evolution is speciation where 2 or more new species are formed from one ______ ______ species

divergent, common ancestor

______ ______ is speciation where one ______ ______ species splits into multiple new species, due to niche ______

adaptive radiation, common ancestor, vacancy

______ evolution is where two unrelated species face similar ______ ______, so evolve similar phenotypic characteristics

convergent, selection pressures

______ evolution is where two related species evolve similar characteristics despite no ______ ______ and physical separation, since they face similar ______ ______

parallel, gene flow, selection pressures

______ features are evidence for convergent evolution

analogous

______ is two species, linked by a biotic relationship (insect and flower, predator and prey, memory species etc.), evolve ______ to each other as the one species act as a ______ ______ for the other species

coevolution, reciprocally, selection pressure

______ structures are similar in physical structure that may be different in ______

homologous, function

______ features are evidence for divergent evolution from a common ancestor

homologous

______ structures are different in physical structure but similar in ______

analogous, function

a ______ organ is a structure that has been ______ or has lost function entirely, and provides evidence of a ______ ______

vestigial, reduced, common ancestor

_______ is the study of the geographic distribution of species; the natural geographic distribution of _______ species provides evidence for _______

biogeography, related, evolution

_______ was the southern supercontinent that split up around ____ - ____ mya

gondwana, 150, 180

the ______ is the complete set of DNA for an organism, including all ______

genome, genes

mtDNA is ______ DNA, the only DNA found outside of the ______

mitochondrial, nucleus

mtDNA is passed down through the ______ line

maternal

nDNA is DNA found in the ______

nucleus

y chromosome DNA is passed down through the ______ line

paternal

gene ______ is the transfer of genes and alleles between members of a species through reproduction

flow

ploidy refers to the number of ______ in a cell

chromosomes

______ is the addition of one or more complete set/s of chromosomes due to ______ ______ during anaphase 1 or 2 of ______

eupolyploidy, complete non-disjunction, meiosis

plants often become _______ as a result of polyploidy, and may be seedless (often desired) as ______ cannot form. however, this means the plant must reproduce _______

stronger, gametes, asexually

if two different species with the same chromosome number reproduce, it is most likely their offspring will be _______, since the chromosomes are not _______. for this reason, s_______ _______ of the zygote is required to form a _______ hybrid

sterile, homologous, somatic doubling, fertile

examples of ______ are n, 2n, 3n, 4n…

eupolyploidy

______ refers to a complete set of chromosomes

euploidy

______ is an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell due to ______ of a chromosome or chromatid

aneuploidy, non-disjunction

an example of ______ is 2n±1

aneuploidy

______ is the formation of a fertile ______ due to s______ ______ or c______ _______ after an event of ______

amphiploidy, hybrid, somatic doubling, complete non-disjunction, allopolyploidy

______ occurs due to the interbreeding of closely related members of a species

inbreeding

______ occurs due to the interbreeding of members of a species which are not closely related

outbreeding

______ occurs when members of two different species are interbred

crossbreeding

______ ______ refers to an increase in the size, strength or other characteristic of a hybrid offspring formed by crossbreeding

hybrid vigour

__________ is where the chromosomes or chromatids do not ______ as usual during anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis, due to incorrect formation of ______

non-disjunction, separate, spindles

____________ is an abnormal number of chromosomes from parents of the same species

autopolyploidy

____________ is an abnormal number of chromosomes from parents of different species

allopolyploidy

_______ is a drug which inhibits _______ formation and increases the likelihood of _______ _______ during meiosis

colchicine, spindle, complete non-disjunction

_______ speciation is a sudden change in _______ number of an offspring from parents over a single generation, meaning that they are no longer able to reproduce with the parent generation and are effectively a new species

instant, chromosome

a _______ _______ is a biotic or a biotic environmental factor that causes a specific trait of an organism to be favoured, leading to _______ selection and _______ reproductive success, driving _______ change

selection pressure, natural, differential, evolutionary

_______ is where one species adopts the _______ characteristic of another; for example, a palatable butterflies species taking on the colourings of a non-palatable butterfly species to avoid predation

mimicry, phenotypic

a _______ is a species with a narrow _______ and specific requirements in order to stay alive

specialist, niche

a _______ is a species with a wide _______ and large range of ecological conditions under which it can survive

generalist, niche

is a specialist or generalist species more likely to survive environmental change?

generalist

a _______ RIM takes effect before the formation of a _______ to prevent the formation of a viable offspring

prezygotic, zygote

prezygotic RIM’s include p_______/g_______, b_______, s_______, g_______, t_______ and e_______

physical, geographical, behavioural, structural, genetic, temporal, ecological

a _______ RIM takes effect after the formation of a _______ to prevent the formation of a reproductively viable offspring

postzygotic, zygote

postzygotic RIM’s include h_______ i_______, h_______ s_______ and h_______ b_______

hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

_______ speciation is due to physical barriers

allopatric

_______ speciation is due to non-physical barriers

sympatric

_______ is a large-scale biogeographical event leading to large-scale _______ speciation

vicariance, allopatric

_______ movement, g_______, o_______ and sea _______ change are all examples of _______

tectonic, glaciation, orogeny, level, vicariance

niche _______ is when organisms, often of the same species, utilise resources and interact with their environment differently

differentiation

niche differentiation often takes place in the form of _______ selection, to minimise _______ and enable more species to _______

disruptive, competition, coexist

_______ is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, often visualised as a _______ tree

phylogeny, phylogenetic

a _______ is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

clade

_______ is the study of the geographic distribution of species

biogeography

the geographic distribution of _______ species provides _______ for evolution

related, evidence

_______ was the southern supercontinent

gondwana

gondwana split up ___ – ___ mya

180, 150

the splitting of gondwana introduced reproductive _______ due to geographical sea barriers, including _______ formation from changing sea levels and volcanic activity

isolation, island

each area is home to _______ plants and animals due to unique _______ _______ in that area

endemic, selection pressures

_______ are preserved remains of _______ in _______ rock left by organisms that lived in the past

fossils, impressions, sedimentary

fossils form layers in the ground called _______

strata

older fossils are found in _______ (shallow/deeper) strata, unless uplifted

deeper

fossils provide a record of the _______ of past life forms and the historical _______ of organisms

diversity, sequence

fossil forms show that simple, single-celled organisms and plants came _______ (before/after) complex, multicellular organisms and animals

before

_______ forms show the change in form and structure of organisms over time

transitional

the _______ of fossils can be determined by radiometric _______ methods, including carbon dating and analysis of uranium (measures natural radioactive decay of elements)

age, dating

_______ _______ is the comparison of body structures between different species, using the fossil record and living organisms

comparative anatomy

_______ analyses both external and internal structures, while _______ only analyses external structures

anatomy, morphology

the _______ of the same four bases in genetic code suggests that all life forms have a _______ _______

universality, common ancestor

a _______ is a sequence of bases on DNA molecule containing the genetic code for a _______

gene, protein

_______ _______ is the analysis of proteins and genome from living and fossil forms to provide _______ for evolutionary relationships and processes

molecular biology, evidence

molecular biology can indicate how closely related species are using analysis of _______ code / _______ and p_______ (presence/absence, and amino acid sequence)

genetic, genes, proteins