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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Systems that handle and process day-to-day transactions, ensuring accuracy, consistency, and timeliness in routine business operations like sales, payroll, or inventory management.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Systems that collect, process, and provide information to manage decision-making at the middle management level, typically through reports and summaries on performance and trends.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Systems designed to support complex decision-making by analyzing data, evaluating alternatives, and helping decision-makers make informed choices.
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
Systems tailored for senior executives that provide high-level overviews of key performance indicators (KPIs), trends, and forecasts for strategic decision-making.
Enterprise Information Systems
Large-scale systems that integrate and manage information across an entire organization to ensure consistency and improve coordination among different departments.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
Comprehensive systems that manage and automate core business processes (e.g., accounting, HR, procurement, manufacturing) to streamline operations and improve efficiency.
Legacy Systems
Outdated systems or software that are still in use within an organization, despite newer alternatives being available, often with challenges in maintenance and integration.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems
Systems used to manage the flow of goods, information, and finances across the supply chain, optimizing inventory, logistics, procurement, and demand forecasting.
Financial and Managerial Accounting Systems
Systems for managing financial data and performance. Financial accounting focuses on external reporting, while managerial accounting is used for internal decision-making and performance analysis.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems
Systems that help businesses manage and analyze customer interactions and data to improve customer service, sales, and marketing efforts, providing a 360-degree view of customer information.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think, learn, and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and pattern recognition.
Machine Learning (ML)
ML is a subset of AI that focuses on developing algorithms that allow machines to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed to perform specific tasks.
Large Language Models (LLM)
LLMs are AI models trained on vast amounts of text data to understand and generate human-like language. They can perform tasks such as text generation, translation, and summarization.
False Positives (AI Hallucinations)
False positives, or AI hallucinations, occur when an AI system generates incorrect or misleading information; it leads to erroneous outputs that appear accurate.
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small, fast type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to the processor and stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker retrieval.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the "brain" of a computer, responsible for executing instructions from programs, performing calculations, and managing data flow within the system.
Clock Speed
Clock speed refers to the rate at which a CPU can execute instructions, typically measured in hertz (Hz). Higher clock speeds generally mean faster processing.
Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data even when powered off; it is commonly used in USB drives, SSDs, and memory cards.
Data Size Units (Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)
1 Byte = 8 bits, 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 Bytes, 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB, 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB, 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB.
Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz)
1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second, 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second; these units measure clock speed.
Hard Drive (HDD)
A hard drive (HDD) is a traditional data storage device that uses spinning disks and a read/write head; it's slower than SSDs but offers larger storage capacities.
Hyper-threading, Multi-threading, Multicore
Hyper-threading allows a single core to handle two threads simultaneously, Multi-threading allows a processor to handle multiple tasks concurrently, Multicore refers to a CPU with multiple processing units.
Physical Core vs. Logical Core
A Physical Core is a physical processor core, a Logical Core is a virtual core created by hyper-threading.
Primary Storage vs. Secondary Storage
Primary Storage is fast, temporary storage (like RAM) for immediate processing tasks, Secondary Storage is long-term storage (like hard drives) for permanent data storage.
Random-Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is volatile memory used by the CPU to store data and instructions that are actively being used; data is lost when the computer is powered off.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores data, such as firmware or boot instructions.
Solid-State Drive (SSD)
An SSD is a storage device that uses flash memory to store data, offering faster read and write speeds than traditional hard drives.
IP Address
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to devices on a network, allowing them to communicate with each other.
Cables (Coaxial, Fiber, Twisted-Pair)
Coaxial: carries data signals using a copper core; Fiber Optic: transmits data as light signals; Twisted-Pair: reduces interference in Ethernet networking.
Packets
Packets are small units of data transmitted over a network; basic contents include To, From, Data, and Hash.
Ping
Ping is a network diagnostic tool that tests connectivity by sending a request to a target device and measuring the response time.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP is the suite of communication protocols that enables devices to connect over the internet.
LANs and WANs
LAN (Local Area Network): confined to a small area; WAN (Wide Area Network): spans larger areas connecting multiple LANs.
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
A VPN creates a secure, encrypted connection between a device and a network over the internet.
Internet vs. WWW vs. Cloud
Internet: global network connecting devices; WWW: system of interlinked web pages accessed through browsers; Cloud: remote computing services.
Information Granularity
Information granularity refers to the level of detail or aggregation in data.
Transactional Information
Data captured during daily business operations, such as sales, customer orders, or financial transactions.
Analytical Information
Data used to analyze trends, patterns, and business performance, supporting decision-making.
Real-Time Information/Systems
Data that is available immediately after collection, often updated continuously.
Measures of Information Quality: Accuracy
Refers to how close data is to the true values or reality.
Measures of Information Quality: Completeness
Refers to whether all required data is available.
Measures of Information Quality: Consistency
Refers to the absence of conflicting information across sources.
Measures of Information Quality: Timeliness
Refers to the extent to which information is up-to-date.
Measures of Information Quality: Validity
Refers to whether the data meets the standards and constraints defined for it.
Measures of Information Quality: Uniqueness
Refers to ensuring that data entries are not duplicated.
Measures of Information Quality: Relevance
Refers to how applicable and useful the information is to the task or decision at hand.
Measures of Information Quality: Reliability
Refers to the consistency of the data and the system that generates it.
Measures of Information Quality: Accessibility
Refers to how easily data can be retrieved and used by authorized individuals.
"Satisficing"
A decision-making strategy where individuals seek a solution that meets their minimum criteria.
Relational Database
A type of database that stores data in tables allowing for easy relationships between different pieces of data.
DBMS (Database Management System)
Software that manages and organizes databases, allowing users to create, update, and retrieve data.
Normalization
The process of organizing a database to reduce redundancy and dependency.
Business-Critical Integrity Constraint
Rules that ensure the integrity and validity of data in a database.
