Cell Biology - BIOB10

Cells

What is the fundamental unit of life?

Hooke

Dawg examined cork under microscope made up of ‘cells’

Leeuwenhoek

Dawg examined pond water under microscope and found ‘animalcules’

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

3 dawgs who proposed the cell theory

Cells

3 parts of Cell Theory:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more …

2. The cell is the structural unit of life

3. Cells can arise only by division from preexisting cell

Cell

3 parts of Cell Theory:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The … is the structural unit of life

3. Cells can arise only by division from preexisting cell

Division

3 parts of Cell Theory:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the structural unit of life

3. Cells can arise only by … from preexisting cell

10

How many universal features of cells are there?

Double stranded

Universal features of cells:

1. Cells store information in … (2) DNA

Replicate

Universal features of cells:

2. Cells can … their DNA

RNA

Universal features of cells:

3. Cells can transcribe portions of DNA into …

Proteins

Universal features of cells:

4. Cells can translate RNA into …

Gene

Universal features of cells:

5. Each protein is encoded by a specific …

Replication

Universal features of cells:

6. Cells can make more of themselves via …

Catalysis

Universal features of cells:

7. Cells can use proteins as … which speed up chemical reactions without changing

Catalysts

Molecules that speed up the chemical reaction without changing

Acquire, use

Universal features of cells:

8. Cells can … and … energy to carry out chemical reactions (basic lol)

Plasma membrane

Universal features of cells:

9. All cells have a … (2) barrier

Movement

Universal features of cells:

10. Cells have constant …

Brownian motion

Random movement of particles (2)

Phototrophic

Cells obtain energy in different ways:

Sunlight

Lithotrophic

Cells obtain energy in different ways:

Inorganic chemicals in the environment

Organotrophic

Cells obtain energy in different ways:

Other living things and organic chemicals they produce

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Types of cells:

3 major classification

Prokaryotes

Types of cells:

Before nucleus (has no nucleus)

Prokaryotes

All bacteria are …

Archaea

Types of cells:

Similar structurally to bacteria but genome is closer to eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Types of cells:

Comprise organelles w/ nucleus

Unicellular or multicellular, membranes

2 things about eukaryotes of note:

Eukaryotes can be (… or …)

Eukaryotes can also have organelles with no …

Cell walls

Plant and fungal cells have … (2) that animal cells do not.

Cytoskeleton

Since animal cells do not have a cell wall, they rely on … to give strength and shape to cell

Cytoskeleton

Network of long, fibrous proteins giving animal cells strength & shape

Predators

Eukaryotes may have originated as … where some prokaryotes engulfed other hoes (endosymbiont)

Endosymbiont theory

Theory that combination of 2 cells living in symbiotic relationship where 1 cell lives in another (prokaryotes to eukaryotes) (2)

Anaerobic archaeal, aerobic bacterium, mitochondria

An … (2) cell engulfed an … (2) which evolved to become the …

Differentiation

Process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized

Environment

Differentiation occurs mostly through signals received from the …

Morphology

Differentiation: Changes often occur in cell … (appearance)

Number, location

Differentiation: Organelles stay the same, but their … and … may differ

Unique proteins

Differentiation: Differentiated cell expresses cell-specific genes via … (2)

In vitro

Cells can be isolated from tissues and grown in culture (2)

Culture

A simplified, controlled environment where cells are isolated from tissues and grown artificially

1

Culture: Most cultures constitute only … type of cell

Cell line

Homogeneous cells that have undergone modifications to grow continuously in culture (can be tumor cells) (2)

Primary culture

Cells obtained directly from the organism (2)

Light

Microscopy: Examining cellular structures at high resolution, produces enlarged images of object

Wavelength of light

Microscopy:

Resolution is dependent on the … (3)

Fluroescence

Microscopy: Uses fluorescent molecules instead of dyes (light)

Green fluorescent protein

Fluorescence microscopy:

Common fluorescent molecule attached to proteins (3)

Fluorescent antibodies

Fluorescence microscopy:

Instead of Green Fluorescent Protein, sometimes we can use … (2) to help visualize proteins

Excited state

Fluorescence microscopy:

Light is shown on molecules making them reach …(2) by absorbing photons and emitting light

Confocal

Microscopy: Produces higher resolution images by excluding out of focus light

Superresolution

Microscopy: Most refined form of light microscopy, produces higher resolution images by overcoming diffraction limit

Electron

Microscopy: Most detailed ever

Pass through

Electron microscopy uses electrons as ‘light’ source by forming an image when electrons … (2) specimen

Scanning electron

Microscopy: Without slicing them into thin sections showing entire cell structure image (2)

Unity of Biochemistry

Organisms are quite uniform at the molecular level (3)

Atoms

Basic unit of matter (protons + neutrons near nucleus, electrons near shell)

Molecules

2+ atoms in definite arrangements held together by chemical bonds

Biomolecules

Molecules made by living organisms

Carbon

Biomolecules are centered around …

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

4 atoms that are abundant in atoms

Covalent bonds

The reason why C, H, N, O are important in biomolecules are because they can form … (2) making them stable

Polar

Electron distribution is not equal

Assymetric charge distribution

1 atom has partial negative charge and other has partial positive charge (3)

Electronegative

Atom with the greater attractive force

Non polar

Equal sharing of electrons & lacks electronegative atoms

Ionic, hydrogen, van der waals, hydrophobic

Types of noncovalent interactionsimportant to cells (4)

Ionic

Noncovalent interactions:

Result of electrical attraction because of opposing charges

Ionic

Noncovalent interactions:

Involves transfer of electron(s) from 1 atom to other

Hydrogen

Noncovalent interactions:

Weak bonds as a result of electrical attraction

Hydrogen

Noncovalent interactions:

Keeps DNA together, polar molecules interact w/ other polar molecules (i.e. water)

Van der waals

Noncovalent interactions:

Weak & nonspecific interaction between 2 atoms in close proximity

Van der waals

Noncovalent interactions:

Temporary charges in non-polar molecules called dipoles

Motion

Noncovalent interactions:

Van der waals forces form because electrons are constantly in …

Dipoles

Noncovalent interactions:

Van der waals forces exist because of temporary charges in nonpolar molecules called …

Covalent

In the case of cell biology, what is the strongest chemical bond?

Covalent or ionic?

Hydrophobic

Noncovalent interactions:

Uncharged non-polar molecules do not interact w/ polar molecules (e.g. water)

Hydrogen

Noncovalent bond where electropositive H atom is partially shared by 2 electronegative atoms

Macromolecules

Other than water, the majority of cells is made of …

Linear, branched, cyclic

Biomolecules:

3 ways long chains of carbon atoms used to construct biomolecules

Functional groups

Biomolecules:

Hydrogen is often replaced by … (2)

Functional groups

Particular atom groupings that behave as a unit (often replaces hydrogen) (2)

Methyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, carbonyl, sulfhydryl

7 most common functional groups

Electronegative, polar

Functional groups affect the properties of biomolecules because they contain … atoms and make molecules more (or less) …

Macromolecules

Polymers of building blocks known as monomers

Polymers

Macromolecules are … of building blocks known as monomers

Monomers

Macromolecules:

Polymers are formed by joining …

Condensation, removed

Macromolecules:

Polymers form by joining monomers via … where water is …

Hydrolysis, added

Macromolecules:

Polymers are broken down into monomers via … where water is …

(CH2O)n

Carbohydrates:

General formula

3-7

Carbohydrates:

Important sugars in cell metabolism have … (range) carbons

Trioses

Carbohydrates:

3 sugars

Tetroses

Carbohydrates:

4 sugars

Pentoses

Carbohydrates:

5 sugars

Hexoses

Carbohydrates:

6 sugars

Ketone, ketose

Carbohydrates:

Carbonyl internal positions forms … which is called …

Aldehyde, aldose

Carbohydrates:

Carbonyl at one end forms … which is called …

Monosaccharides

Sugars with 5+ carbons form a closed ring structure

Hydroxyl

In aqueous solution, aldehyde or ketone group tend to react with … group of same molecule creating a ring [monosaccharides]